The Skill India Mission & PMKVY 4.0
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III The Skill India Mission & PMKVY 4.0 A skilled workforce is the missing piece in India’s manufacturing puzzle. Yet only about 5% of workers have formal vocational training — versus 60-80% in Germany and South Korea. Launched in 2015, the Skill India Mission — now restructured around PMKVY 4.0 […]
The Four Labour Codes: India’s Biggest Labour Reform
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III The Four Labour Codes India’s Biggest Labour Reform To fix decades of rigid, fragmented labour laws, India has merged 29 central laws into four codes — and, in a landmark move, brought them into force on 21 November 2025. They promise simpler compliance and social security for gig workers, […]
The PLI Scheme: Production-Linked Incentives
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III The PLI Scheme Production-Linked Incentives The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is the flagship tool of Atmanirbhar Bharat — paying companies a 4-6% cash incentive on extra goods made in India, across 14 strategic sectors. It has drawn over ₹2.16 lakh crore in investment and created 14+ lakh jobs, but […]
Make in India & the National Manufacturing Mission
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III Make in India & the National Manufacturing Mission Launched in 2014, Make in India aims to turn the country into a global manufacturing powerhouse — targeting 25% of GDP and 100 million jobs. A decade on, the new National Manufacturing Mission (Budget 2025-26) gives it fresh teeth, backed by […]
The 1991 Reforms & Their Sectoral Impact (UPSC)
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III The 1991 Reforms & Their Sectoral Impact The 1991 balance-of-payments crisis forced India onto the LPG path — Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation. The New Industrial Policy dismantled the License Raj, but the gains were uneven: services soared, manufacturing stalled at ~15-16% of GDP, and agriculture was left behind. 🏭 Manufacturing […]
History of India’s Industrial Policy: 1947–1991
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III History of India’s Industrial Policy 1947 – 1991 India’s industrial journey moved from total state control to a market-oriented system — from the License Raj and the “Economic Constitution” of 1956 to the cautious reforms of the 1980s and the 1991 overhaul. Understanding this arc is key to explaining […]
The Return of Industrial Policy & India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III The Return of Industrial Policy & India’s Atmanirbhar Bharat Once dismissed as a relic, industrial policy is back at the centre of global economics — driven by geopolitics, supply-chain shocks, and the green-tech race. From the US CHIPS Act to “Made in China 2025,” nations are intervening again. India’s […]
Direct Tax Reforms in India: Simpler, Wider, Fairer
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III Direct Tax Reforms in India: Simpler, Wider, Fairer India’s direct-tax system is being rewritten for simplicity and compliance. Personal income tax collections have surged 27.3%, a generous new regime makes income up to ₹12 lakh tax-free, and the brand-new Income-Tax Act, 2025 replaces the 65-year-old 1961 law from April […]
Inflation Management in India: Terms, Tools & Challenges
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III Inflation Management in India: Terms, Tools & Challenges India’s inflation story has flipped: after breaching the 6% ceiling in late 2024, retail inflation crashed to multi-year lows in 2025 (RBI projected just 2.1% for FY26), letting the RBI cut the repo rate to 5.25%. Yet the structural puzzle — […]
Inflation: Meaning, Types, Causes & Impacts UPSC
UPSC Economy · GS Paper III Inflation Meaning, Types, Causes, Measures & Impacts Inflation is the sustained rise in the general price level — every rupee buys a little less than before. This complete guide simplifies the types, causes, measurement (CPI, WPI, the new PPI), impacts, and control measures, with everyday examples and the latest […]