Important Legislations for UPSC: Ministry & Provisions
Polity & Governance · GS II & III · Prelims + Mains Important Legislations for UPSC: Objective, Ministry, Beneficiaries & Provisions Acts of Parliament are where the Constitution meets everyday governance. From MGNREGA, RTE and the Forest Rights Act to the DPDP Act and the four Labour Codes (in force 2025), this guide explains each […]
Contemporary Constitutional Developments for UPSC
Polity · GS Paper II · Prelims + Mains Contemporary Constitutional Developments for UPSC: Amendments, Laws & Reforms The Constitution is a living document — and the last decade has reshaped it fast. From the GST (101st) and Women’s Reservation (106th) amendments to the three new criminal laws, the Waqf Amendment 2025, and the pending […]
Landmark Supreme Court Judgements for UPSC Mains
Polity · GS Paper II & IV · Prelims + Mains Landmark Supreme Court Judgements for UPSC — Background, Facts & Analysis A complete, exam-ready guide to India’s most important Supreme Court cases — from A.K. Gopalan (1950) to the Tamil Nadu Governor case (2025). For each ruling we give the background & facts, the […]
Constitutional Doctrines for UPSC: Meaning & Cases
Polity · GS Paper II · Prelims + Mains Constitutional Doctrines for UPSC: Meaning, Cases & Probable Questions Constitutional doctrines are judge-made principles that decide how far Parliament, states and the executive can go. UPSC now tests them in statement-based Prelims MCQs and analytical Mains answers alike. This guide covers 20+ doctrines in full detail […]
Battle of Thanesar 1014 CE: Mahmud & Chakraswamin Raid
Early Medieval History · Ghaznavid Temple Raids Battle of Thanesar (1014 CE): Mahmud of Ghazni & the Chakraswamin Raid The Battle of Thanesar (1014 CE) saw Mahmud of Ghazni capture and plunder Thanesar (ancient Sthanesvara), a great Hindu pilgrimage centre in present-day Haryana, famed for its Chakraswamin Temple. The raid enriched the Ghaznavid treasury and […]
Battle of Lahore 1021 CE: Mahmud vs Hindu Shahis
Ancient/Early Medieval History · Ghaznavid Invasions Battle of Lahore (1021 CE): Mahmud of Ghazni & the End of the Hindu Shahis The Battle of Lahore (1021 CE) was one of the final campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni against the Hindu Shahi dynasty. The capture of Lahore ended Shahi political power and led to the permanent […]
Battle of Bundelkhand 1729: Baji Rao I vs Mughals
Modern History · Marathas & Mughals Battle of Bundelkhand (1729): How Baji Rao I Broke the Mughals The Battle of Jaitpur (March 1729) saw Peshwa Baji Rao I rescue the ageing Bundela king Chhatrasal from Mughal governor Muhammad Khan Bangash. The Maratha victory preserved Bundelkhand’s independence and pushed Maratha power decisively into central and northern […]
Districts of India 2026: State List & Numbers
Indian Polity · Administration Districts of India 2026 State List, Numbers & Administration India’s 28 states and 8 Union Territories are subdivided into districts — the basic units of administration, each headed by a District Collector / District Magistrate. As of 2026, India has approximately 800+ districts, a number that keeps rising with reorganisation. 🗂️ […]