Article 48A: Environment, Forests & Wild Life
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & GS-III Environment Article 48A Protection of Environment, Forests and Wild Life Article 48A is the constitutional foundation of Indian environmental law. Inserted by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 — months after the Stockholm Conference framework reached India — it directs the State to protect and improve the environment […]
Article 48: Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Organisation
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & GS-III Agriculture Article 48 Organisation of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Article 48 is the Constitution’s agricultural modernisation clause — and its most litigated Directive Principle. It directs the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines, and in particular to preserve and improve breeds […]
Article 47: Nutrition, Public Health & Prohibition
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 47 Nutrition, Public Health and Prohibition Article 47 uses a phrase found nowhere else in Part IV: it directs the State to regard nutrition, the standard of living and public health as among its primary duties. Every other Directive Principle asks the State to “strive” […]
Article 46: Educational & Economic Interests
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 46 Educational and Economic Interests of Weaker Sections Article 46 is the constitutional engine of India’s social justice architecture. It directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of weaker sections — in particular the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes […]
Article 45: Early Childhood Care & Education Below Six
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 45 Early Childhood Care and Education for Children Below Six Years Article 45 is unique in Part IV: it is the only Directive Principle that has been completely substituted. The original Article carried the Constitution’s only deadline — free and compulsory education for all children […]