PIB Summaries 09 July 2026
Press Information Bureau · UPSC Analysis PIB Analysis – 09 July 2026 Contents 01 Prambanan Temple Complex: India-Indonesia Heritage Diplomacy in Action PM Modi & President Prabowo Subianto, Yogyakarta · Archaeological Survey of India GS 1 GS 2 02 Pinaka Long Range Guided Rocket: Boosting Indigenous Precision-Strike Capability Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) GS […]
The Three Funds & Types of Grants Under the Constitution
Polity & Governance · GS-II / GS-III · UPSC CSE The Three Funds & Types of Grants Under the Constitution All government money flows through three funds — the Consolidated Fund (Art 266(1)), the Contingency Fund (Art 267), and the Public Account (Art 266(2)). When the regular Budget falls short, the Constitution provides a system […]
The Union Budget Explained Simply, With Examples
Polity & Governance · GS-II / GS-III · UPSC CSE The Union Budget Explained Simply, With Examples Think of the Budget as the government’s yearly money plan — what it expects to earn and what it plans to spend. The Constitution never says “Budget”; it calls this plan the Annual Financial Statement (Article 112). Both […]
Indus Waters Treaty 1960: Features, Dispute & Suspension
International Relations · GS-II · UPSC CSE Indus Waters Treaty 1960 Map, Key Features, Dispute & Suspension The Indus Waters Treaty (1960) is a river-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank. Pakistan controls the Western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab); India controls the Eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej). India held the treaty […]
Voting in India: Rights, Reforms & Turnout
Indian Polity · Elections Voting in India — Rights, Reforms & Turnout Under Article 326, voting is a constitutional right that lets citizens choose their representatives on the basis of universal adult suffrage. From the 61st Amendment to EVMs, VVPAT and NOTA, India’s electoral machinery has evolved into the world’s largest democratic exercise. 📜 Suffrage […]
Sessions of Parliament: Types, Procedures & Article 85
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Sessions of Parliament Types, Procedures & Article 85 Sessions of Parliament are the periods during which both Houses of the Indian Parliament meet to conduct business. Article 85 empowers the President to summon each House at intervals not exceeding six months. By convention, three sessions are held annually — […]
Ordinance Making Power of President: Article 123 Explained
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Ordinance Making Power of the President Article 123, Provisions & Limitations The Ordinance Making Power of the President under Article 123 allows the President to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament. An ordinance carries the same legal weight as an Act of Parliament but is temporary — it […]
Ethics Committee of Parliament: Composition & Functions
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Ethics Committee of Parliament Composition, Functions & Powers The Ethics Committee is a cornerstone of parliamentary oversight that operates year-round to safeguard the integrity and dignity of Parliament. It was first established in the Rajya Sabha in 1997 and later in the Lok Sabha in 2000, becoming a permanent […]
Public Interest Litigation (PIL): History & Landmark Cases
Indian Polity · Judiciary Public Interest Litigation (PIL) Meaning, History & Landmark Cases Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a court action started for public welfare, made possible by relaxing the rule of locus standi. Rooted in Articles 32 and 226, it transformed access to justice for India’s poor and marginalised from the late 1970s onward. […]
Inter-State Council (Article 263): Composition & Duties
Indian Polity · Federalism Inter-State Council (Article 263) Composition, Duties & Significance The Inter-State Council (ISC) is an advisory body under Article 263 for coordinating policy between the Centre and states. Set up in 1990 on the Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation, it is a pillar of India’s cooperative federalism — though it has met only about […]