Article 48: Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Organisation
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & GS-III Agriculture Article 48 Organisation of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Article 48 is the Constitution’s agricultural modernisation clause — and its most litigated Directive Principle. It directs the State to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines, and in particular to preserve and improve breeds […]
Article 47: Nutrition, Public Health & Prohibition
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 47 Nutrition, Public Health and Prohibition Article 47 uses a phrase found nowhere else in Part IV: it directs the State to regard nutrition, the standard of living and public health as among its primary duties. Every other Directive Principle asks the State to “strive” […]
Article 46: Educational & Economic Interests
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 46 Educational and Economic Interests of Weaker Sections Article 46 is the constitutional engine of India’s social justice architecture. It directs the State to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of weaker sections — in particular the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes […]
Article 45: Early Childhood Care & Education Below Six
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 45 Early Childhood Care and Education for Children Below Six Years Article 45 is unique in Part IV: it is the only Directive Principle that has been completely substituted. The original Article carried the Constitution’s only deadline — free and compulsory education for all children […]
Article 44: Uniform Civil Code for Citizens
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Governance Article 44 Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens Article 44 is the shortest and most contested Directive Principle. It directs the State to endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India. For seventy-five years it produced only judicial observations. Since […]
Article 43B: Promotion of Co-operative Societies
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Governance Article 43B Promotion of Co-operative Societies Article 43B is the newest Directive Principle in the Constitution — inserted by the 97th Amendment in 2011. It names four qualities a co-operative must have: voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democratic control and professional management. It also has the most instructive […]
Article 43A: Workers’ Participation in Management
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 43A Participation of Workers in Management of Industries Article 43A is the Constitution’s clause on industrial democracy — the idea that a worker should have a voice in decisions taken about the enterprise, not merely a wage from it. Inserted by the 42nd Amendment in […]
Article 43: Living Wage & Cottage Industries
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 43 Living Wage and Cottage Industries Article 43 is the only Directive Principle that names a living wage — the highest of the three wage concepts in Indian labour law, well above the minimum wage that is actually enforced. It also carries a distinctly Gandhian […]
Article 42: Just Work Conditions & Maternity Relief
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 42 Just and Humane Conditions of Work and Maternity Relief Article 42 is fourteen words long and carries two obligations that between them govern the entire law of the Indian workplace — just and humane conditions of work, and maternity relief. Both have moved from […]
Article 41: Right to Work, Education & Public Assistance
Updated: August 2026 · GS-II Polity & Social Justice Article 41 Right to Work, Education and Public Assistance Article 41 is the Constitution’s welfare-state clause. It directs the State to secure the right to work, the right to education, and the right to public assistance in unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement — and in […]