Regionalism can be defined as a phenomenon in which people’s political loyalties become focused upon a region. It implies people’s love of a particular region in preference to the country and in certain cases in preference to the state of which the region is a part.
It is argued that regionalism can be a form of resistance against the imposition of a particular cultural ideology that is linked to the integration of a nation. Regionalism is found to have connections with the cultural patterns that exist as a part of the dominant culture. Indian federalism is seen as a method of accommodation of regionalism in India.
Various forms of regionalism existing in India:
• Supra State Regionalism: In this type of regionalism, the group of states joins hands to take common stand on the issue of mutual interest vis-à-vis another group of states.
o For example, North-South divide on issue of language.
• Interstate regionalism: It is coterminous with state boundaries and involves juxtaposing of one or more state identities against another on specific issues, which threaten their interest.
o For example, dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over distribution of Kaveri water.
• Secessionist Movements: It is an extreme form of regionalism, where people in certain states or regions want to secede from the Indian Union.
o For example, 1980’s Khalistan movement aimed to create a Sikh homeland, in Punjab.
• Intra-state regionalism or sub-regionalism: It embodies the desire of a part of a state for the identity, self-development or demand for autonomy. It may also reflect a notion of deprivation or exploitation of a part of the state at the expense of the others.
o For example, Vidarbha of Maharashtra, Bodoland of Assam etc.
• Son of Soil: In this the native inhabitants believe that a region or state belongs to a particular community, providing them certain rights and benefits over outsiders or migrants. It is further strengthened by factors like competition for jobs, resources and economic disparities.
o For example, issue related to outsiders in Maharashtra.
However, regionalism is not always opposed to national integration. It may also lead to higher inter-group solidarity and induce competition for betterment when certain genuine demands, especially developmental are conceded. Thus, steps should be taken to foster a harmonious balance that respects regional identities while promoting national cohesion.