Sessions of Parliament: Types, Procedures & Article 85
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Sessions of Parliament Types, Procedures & Article 85 Sessions of Parliament are the periods during which both Houses of the Indian Parliament meet to conduct business. Article 85 empowers the President to summon each House at intervals not exceeding six months. By convention, three sessions are held annually — […]
Ordinance Making Power of President: Article 123 Explained
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Ordinance Making Power of the President Article 123, Provisions & Limitations The Ordinance Making Power of the President under Article 123 allows the President to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament. An ordinance carries the same legal weight as an Act of Parliament but is temporary — it […]
Ethics Committee of Parliament: Composition & Functions
Polity & Governance · UPSC CSE Ethics Committee of Parliament Composition, Functions & Powers The Ethics Committee is a cornerstone of parliamentary oversight that operates year-round to safeguard the integrity and dignity of Parliament. It was first established in the Rajya Sabha in 1997 and later in the Lok Sabha in 2000, becoming a permanent […]
Public Interest Litigation (PIL): History & Landmark Cases
Indian Polity · Judiciary Public Interest Litigation (PIL) Meaning, History & Landmark Cases Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is a court action started for public welfare, made possible by relaxing the rule of locus standi. Rooted in Articles 32 and 226, it transformed access to justice for India’s poor and marginalised from the late 1970s onward. […]
Inter-State Council (Article 263): Composition & Duties
Indian Polity · Federalism Inter-State Council (Article 263) Composition, Duties & Significance The Inter-State Council (ISC) is an advisory body under Article 263 for coordinating policy between the Centre and states. Set up in 1990 on the Sarkaria Commission’s recommendation, it is a pillar of India’s cooperative federalism — though it has met only about […]
The Hijab Issue: Karnataka Ban, Court Rulings & Debate
Polity & Society · Fundamental Rights The Hijab Issue Karnataka Ban, Court Rulings & Both Sides Beginning in February 2022 in Udupi, Karnataka, the hijab controversy became a national debate on religious freedom, equality, dignity and free expression. This is a neutral, exam-ready explainer of the Karnataka High Court verdict, the Supreme Court’s split judgment, […]
15th Finance Commission: Recommendations & Facts
Indian Economy · Fiscal Federalism 15th Finance Commission — Recommendations & Key Facts Constituted in November 2017 under Article 280 and chaired by N.K. Singh, the 15th Finance Commission recommended the revenue-sharing framework between the Union and states for 2021–26, fixing the states’ share of central taxes at 41%. 👤 Chairman N.K. Singh 📜 Article […]
Mandal Commission: Background & Recommendations
Indian Polity · Social Justice Mandal Commission — Background, Recommendations & Significance The Mandal Commission, formally the Second Backward Classes Commission, was set up in 1979 to identify India’s socially and educationally backward classes. Its 27% OBC reservation recommendation, implemented in 1990, reshaped India’s social-justice and political landscape. 📅 Set Up 1 Jan 1979 👤 […]
Right to Privacy: Evolution, Puttaswamy & DPDP Act
Polity · Fundamental Rights (Article 21) Right to Privacy, Evolution, Puttaswamy & the DPDP Act In the landmark K.S. Puttaswamy (2017) case, a nine-judge Bench of the Supreme Court held that the Right to Privacy is a Fundamental Right, intrinsic to the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21. This guide covers its […]
The Hindu UPSC News Analysis For 09 July 2026
The Hindu — UPSC Analysis Thursday, 09 July 2026 Bengaluru City Edition · Vol. 57 No. 162 · Curated for Prelims & Mains | GS I · II · III · IV Legacy IAS Academy 📋 Today’s Topics U.S.–Iran ceasefire & the Strait of Hormuz crisisGS2 · GS3 Russian oil share in India’s imports risesGS3 […]