UGC-NET Paper I Syllabus & Strategy – Legacy IAS Academy
The UGC-NET Paper I plays a crucial role in determining a candidate’s eligibility for Assistant Professor and Junior Research Fellowship (JRF). Unlike Paper II, which is subject-specific, Paper I evaluates a candidate’s teaching and research aptitude, as well as their overall awareness of higher education, environment, and contemporary issues.
The primary aim of Paper I is to assess whether a candidate possesses the essential skills and knowledge required to excel in the academic and research domains. It focuses on testing a wide range of abilities, including comprehension, analysis, evaluation, deductive and inductive reasoning, and understanding of arguments.
Importance of Paper I
While Paper I is not specific to any particular subject, it significantly impacts a candidate’s final score and eligibility status. Performing well here can provide a strong foundation for clearing the UGC-NET exam with high marks.
The syllabus for Paper I is divided into 10 comprehensive units, each carrying equal weightage. The question paper consists of 50 multiple-choice questions (MCQs), with each question carrying 2 marks, totaling 100 marks. There is no negative marking, making accuracy and speed key factors for success.
On average, five questions are asked from each unit, ensuring a balanced coverage of all topics.
Overview of Paper I Syllabus
The UGC-NET Paper I syllabus includes the following broad topics:
- Teaching Aptitude
- Research Aptitude
- Comprehension
- Communication
- Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
- Logical Reasoning
- Data Interpretation
- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
- People, Development and Environment
- Higher Education System
Strategies for Success in Paper I
Achieving a high score in Paper I requires clarity of concepts, consistent practice, and smart preparation techniques. At Legacy IAS Academy, we train students to approach each section strategically. Below are key strategies for major areas of the syllabus.
1. Teaching Aptitude
This section evaluates a candidate’s understanding of the teaching-learning process.
Strategy:
- Master the basic principles of teaching and learning.
- Stay updated with evolving educational theories and methodologies.
- Understand the role of a teacher and the dynamics of the education system in India.
- Be aware of contemporary issues in education, including digital learning trends and NEP (National Education Policy) updates.
2. Research Aptitude
Tests a candidate’s ability to understand research methods and apply them effectively.
Strategy:
- Familiarize yourself with various research methodologies and techniques.
- Practice solving research-based questions and interpreting research data.
- Understand the basics of statistical methods used in research.
3. Comprehension
Though it appears simple, comprehension requires active reading skills.
Strategy:
- Skim the questions first before reading the passage to know what information to focus on.
- Highlight or underline key terms while reading.
- Identify the main ideas and structure of the passage.
- Use the elimination method to discard incorrect answer choices.
- Practice regularly with diverse reading passages to build speed and accuracy.
4. Communication
Assesses understanding of communication theories, models, and their application.
Strategy:
- Learn basic concepts of interpersonal, organizational, and mass communication.
- Understand how mass communication functions in India, including key regulatory bodies.
- Stay updated with current trends in media and communication.
5. Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude
Focuses on basic arithmetic and analytical reasoning.
Strategy:
- Strengthen concepts like percentages, ratios, proportions, and averages.
- Practice problem-solving techniques consistently.
- Work on reasoning patterns such as series, coding-decoding, and puzzles.
6. Logical Reasoning
This section is unique to UGC-NET and requires specialized preparation.
Key Focus Areas:
- Structure of arguments
- Types of fallacies
- Deductive and inductive reasoning
- Concepts of Indian logic and philosophical reasoning
7. Data Interpretation
Tests the ability to interpret and analyze data presented in tables, graphs, and charts.
Strategy:
- Understand labels, titles, and units of measurement clearly.
- Practice percentage and ratio-based calculations.
- Develop estimation techniques to rule out incorrect options.
- Solve a wide range of data sets to increase familiarity.
8. Information & Communication Technology (ICT)
Evaluates basic computer literacy and awareness of digital trends.
Strategy:
- Understand basic computer concepts, hardware, and software.
- Learn about internet applications, e-governance, and digital tools used in education.
- Stay updated with emerging technology trends, such as AI and cloud computing.
9. People, Development & Environment
This section focuses on sustainability, environmental concerns, and social inclusion.
Strategy:
- Learn about sustainable development goals (SDGs) and policies related to the environment.
- Understand the interconnections between people, society, and natural resources.
- Stay informed about global and national environmental issues.
10. Higher Education System
Covers the policies, structure, and functioning of higher education in India.
Strategy:
- Gain knowledge of higher education institutions, policies, and governance.
- Keep track of latest reforms and developments in the education sector.
- Focus on topics like NAAC, UGC regulations, and accreditation systems.
The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-I is as follows:
Unit-I: Teaching Aptitude
- Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
- Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
- Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
- Methods of teaching in Institutions of Higher Learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
- Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
- Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.
Unit-II: Research Aptitude
- Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Postpositivistic approach to research.
- Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
- Steps of Research.
- Thesis and Article Writing: Format and styles of referencing.
- Application of ICT in research.
- Research ethics.
Unit-III: Comprehension
- A passage of text to be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.
Unit-IV: Communication
- Communication: Meaning, types, and characteristics of communication.
- Effective Communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
- Barriers to effective communication.
- Mass-Media and Society.
Unit-V: Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
- Types of Reasoning.
- Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
- Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).
Unit-VI: Logical Reasoning
- Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
- Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
- Analogies.
- Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
- Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
- Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension).
- Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).
Unit-VII: Data Interpretation
- Sources, acquisition, and classification of Data.
- Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
- Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
- Data Interpretation.
- Data and Governance
Unit-VIII: Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
- ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
- Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
- Digital initiatives in higher education.
- ICT and Governance.
Unit-IX: People, Development and Environment
- Development and Environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
- Human and Environment Interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
- Environmental Issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
- Impacts of pollutants on human health.
- Natural and Energy Resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
- Natural Hazards and Disasters: Mitigation strategies.
- Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.
Unit-X: Higher Education System
- Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
- Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
- Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
- Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
- Value education and environmental education.
- Policies, Governance, and Administration.
UGC-NET English Literature
The UGC-NET English Literature paper is one of the most challenging yet rewarding subjects in the exam. It demands a deep understanding of literary history, critical theories, and the evolution of English literature across different periods and movements. A systematic and well-planned approach is essential to master this paper and secure a strong score.
At Legacy IAS Academy, we provide a strategic framework to help aspirants navigate the vast syllabus and prepare effectively for both Paper I and Paper II.
Structuring the English Literature Syllabus
The English Literature syllabus is vast and can be overwhelming. A systematic breakdown is crucial for focused preparation. We recommend dividing the syllabus into manageable sections:
- Categorize different literary periods such as Medieval, Renaissance, Romantic, Victorian, Modernist, and Postmodern.
- Separate world literatures and movements for detailed study.
- Create a clear timeline to ensure balanced coverage of all areas.
This structured approach allows you to delve deeper into each topic while maintaining comprehensive coverage.
Key Areas to Focus on for English Literature
Here are the major components you should focus on while preparing for the UGC-NET English Literature paper:
1. Literary Periods
Understand the characteristics, themes, and prominent works of different eras:
- Medieval Period
- Renaissance
- Romanticism
- Victorian Era
- Modernism
- Postmodernism
2. Major Authors and Their Works
Develop in-depth knowledge about:
- Influential authors and poets across literary periods
- Landmark works and their historical significance
- Contributions of authors to the evolution of English literature
3. Literary Theory and Criticism
This is one of the most dynamic sections of the syllabus. Focus on:
- Structuralism and Post-Structuralism
- Feminism and Gender Studies
- Postcolonial Theory
- Marxism and Psychoanalysis
- Deconstruction and Reader-Response Criticism
Understanding these theories helps in analyzing and interpreting literary texts effectively.
4. Genres and Literary Movements
Gain clarity on different literary forms and their evolution:
- Genres: Poetry, prose, drama, and essays
- Movements: Metaphysical Poetry, Realism, Romanticism, Modernism, and more
5. Cultural Studies & Research Methods
Apart from traditional literary knowledge:
- Explore cultural studies to understand literature in a broader societal context.
- Learn research methods and materials in English, which are vital for academic growth and JRF preparation.
Study Techniques for English Literature
1. Taking Notes and Regular Revision
- Create concise notes on themes, literary devices, and author backgrounds.
- Use mind maps and flashcards for quick recall.
- Summarize complex theories into simplified points for easier retention.
2. Learning Through Practice
- Solve a large volume of MCQs for every unit.
- Practice improves retention and helps identify weak areas.
- Regular revision through practice questions builds confidence.
3. Mock Tests and Time Management
- Take mock tests under exam-like conditions to simulate the real experience.
- Work on speed and accuracy while answering.
- Identify time-consuming questions and strategize accordingly.
4. Using Previous Year Papers
- Analyze NTA UGC-NET previous year papers to identify:
- Frequently asked questions
- High-weightage topics
- Question trends across years
- This analysis helps prioritize your preparation for maximum results.
The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (English Literature) is as follows:
- Unit–I: Drama
- Unit–II: Poetry
- Unit–III: Fiction, short story
- Unit–IV: Non-Fictional Prose
- Note: The first four units must also be tested through comprehension passages to assess critical reading, critical thinking and writing skills. These four units will cover all literatures in English.Unit–V: Language: Basic concepts, theories and pedagogy. English in Use.
- Unit–VI: English in India: history, evolution and futures
- Unit–VII: Cultural Studies
- Unit–VIII: Literary Criticism
- Unit–IX: Literary Theory post World War II
- Unit–X: Research Methods and Materials in English
The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (Political Science) is as follows:
Unit -1: Political Theory
- Concepts
- Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rights, Democracy, Power, Citizenship,
- Political Traditions
- Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism, Marxism, Feminism, Ecologism, Multiculturalism and Postmodernism
Unit -2: Political Thought
- Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Mary Wollstonecraft, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx, Gramsci, Hannah Arendt, Frantz Fanon, Mao Zedong, John Rawls
Unit -3: Indian Political Thought
- Dharamshastra, Kautilya, Aggannasutta, Barani, Kabir, Pandita Ramabai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Swami Vivekanand, Rabindranath Tagore, M.K Gandhi, Sri Aurobindo, Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, Muhammad Iqbal, M.N.Roy, V D Savarkar, Dr. B.R.Ambedkar, J L Nehru, Ram Manohar Lohia, Jaya Prakash Narayan, Deendayal Upadhyaya
Unit -4: Comparative Political Analysis
- Approaches: Institutional, Political Culture, Political Economy and New Institutionalism; Comparative Methods
- Colonialism and Decolonization: forms of colonialism, anti-colonial struggles and decolonization
- Nationalism: European and non-European.
- State Theory: debate over the nature of state in capitalist and socialist societies; post-colonial state; welfare state; globalization and nations-states
- Political Regimes: democratic (Electoral, Liberal, Majoritarian and Participatory) and non-democratic regimes (Patrimonialism, Bureaucratic authoritarianism, Military dictatorship, Totalitarianism, and fascist).
- Constitutions and Constitutionalism: forms of constitutions, rule of law, judicial independence and liberal constitutionalism; emergency powers and crisis of constitutionalism.
- Democratisation: democratic transition and consolidation.
- Development: Underdevelopment, Dependency, Modernization, World Systems Theory, development and democracy.
- Structures of Power: ruling class, power elites, democratic elitism
- Actor and Processes: Electoral Systems, Political Parties and Party System, Interest groups, Social movements, new social movements, Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and civil society campaigns; Revolutions.
Unit -5: International Relations
- Approaches to the study of International relations: Idealism, Realism, Structural Marxism, Neoliberalism, Neorealism, Social Constructivism, Critical International Theory, Feminism, Postmodernism.
- Concepts: State, state system and non-state actors, Power, Sovereignty, Security: traditional and non- traditional.
- Conflict and Peace: Changing Nature of Warfare; Weapons of mass destruction; deterrence; conflict resolution, conflict transformation.
- United Nations: Aims, Objectives, Structure and Evaluation of the Working of UN; Peace and Development perspectives; Humanitarian intervention. International law; International Criminal Court Political Economy of IR; Globalisation; Global governance and Bretton Woods system, North-South Dialogue, WTO, G-20, BRICS.
- Regional Organisations: European Union, African Union, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, ASEAN.
- Contemporary Challenges: International terrorism, Climate change and Environmental Concerns, Human Rights, Migration and Refugees; Poverty and Development; Role of Religion, Culture and Identity Politics.
Unit – 6: India’s Foreign Policy
- Perspectives on India’s Foreign Policy: India’s Identity as postcolonial, development, rising power and as emerging political economy.
- Continuity and change in India’s Foreign Policy: Principles and determinants; non-alignment movement: historical background and relevance of Non Aligned Movement; India’s Nuclear Policy
- India’s relations with major powers: USA, USSR/Russia, People’s Republic of China
- India’s Engagement with Multipolar World: India’s relations with European Union, BRICS, ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, African Union, Southern African Development Community, Gulf Cooperation Council.
- India’s relations with neighbourhood: SAARC, Gujaral doctrine, Look East/ Act East, Look West.
- India’s Negotiation Strategies in International Regimes: The United Nations, World Trade Organisation, International Monetary Fund, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Contemporary challenges: maritime security, energy security, environmental security, migrants and refugees, water resources, international terrorism, cyber security.
Unit – 7: Political Institutions in India
- Making of the Indian Constitution: Colonialism heritage and the contribution Indian National Movement to the making of the Indian Constitution.
- Constituent Assembly: Composition, Ideological Moorings, Constitutional Debates.
- Philosophy of the Constitution: Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles.
- Constitutionalism in India: Democracy, Social Change, National Unity, Checks and Balances, Basic Structure Debate, Constitutional Amendments.
- Union Executive: President, Prime Minister and Council of Ministers.
- Union Parliament: Structure, Role and Functioning, Parliamentary Committees
- Judiciary: Supreme Court, High Court, Judicial Review, Judicial Activism, Judicial Reform.
- Executive and Legislature in the States: Governor, Chief Minister, State Legislature.
- Federalism in India: Strong Centre Framework, Asymmetrical Federal Provisions and Adaption, Role of Intergovernmental Coordination Mechanisms, Inter-State Council, Emerging Trends.
- Electoral Process and Election Commission of India: Conduct of Elections, Rules, Electoral Reforms.
- Local Government Institutions: Functioning and reforms.
- Constitutional and Statutory Bodies: Comptroller and Auditor General, National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Human Rights, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Minorities.
Unit – 8: Political Processes in India
- State, Economy and Development: Nature of Indian State, Development Planning model, New Economic Policy, Growth and Human Development.
- Process of Globalisation: social and economic implications.
- Identity Politics: Religion, Tribe, Caste, Region, Language.
- Social Movements: Dalit, Tribal, Women, Farmers, labour
- Civil Society Groups: Non-Party Social Formations, Non-Governmental Organisations, Social Action Groups.
- Regionalisation of Indian Politics: Reorganisation of Indian States, States as Political and Economic Units, Sub-State Regions, Regional disparities, Demand for New States,
- Gender and Politics in India: Issues of Equality and Representation.
- Ideology and Social basis of Political Parties: National Parties, State Parties.
- Electoral Politics: Participation, Contestation, Representation, Emerging trends.
Unit – 9: Public Administration
- Public Administration: Meaning and evolution; public and private administration Approaches: System Theory, Decision Making, Ecological Approach.
- Public administration theories and concepts: Scientific Management Theory, Rational Choice theory, New Public Administration, Development Administration, Comparative Public Administration, New Public Management, changing nature of Public Administration in the era of liberalisation and Globalisation.
- Theories and Principles of Organization: Scientific Management Theory, Bureaucratic Theory, Human Relations Theory.
- Managing the organization: Theories of leadership and motivation.
- Organisational Communication: Theories and Principles, Chester Bernard Principles of Communication, Information Management in the organization
- Managing Conflict in the Organization: Mary Parker Follett
- Management by Objectives- Peter Drucker
Unit – 10: Governance and Public Policy in India
- Governance, good governance and democratic governance, role of state, civil society and individuals.
- Accountability and control: Institutional mechanism for checks and balances, legislative control over executive, administrative and budgetary control, control through parliamentary committees, judicial control over legislature and executive, administrative culture, corruption and administrative reforms
- Institutional Mechanisms for Good Governance: Right to Information, Consumer Protection Act, Citizen Charter; Grievance redress system: Ombudsman, Lokpal, Lokayukta.
- Grassroots Governance: Panchayati Raj Institutions and their functioning.
- Planning and Development: Decentralised planning, planning for development, sustainable development, participatory development, e-governance; NITI Aayog.
- Public policy as an instrument of socio-economic development: public policies with special reference to housing, health, drinking water, food security, MGNREGA, NRHM, RTE.
- Monitoring and evaluation of public policy; mechanisms of making governance process accountable: jansunwai, social audit.
The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (History) is as follows:
Unit – I
- Negotiating the Sources: Archaeological sources: Exploration, Excavation, Epigraphy and Numismatics. Dating of Archaeological Sites. Literary Sources: Indigenous Literature: Primary and Secondary: problem of dating Religious and Secular Literature, Myths, Legends, etc. Foreign Accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arabic.
- Pastoralism and Food production: Neolithic and Chalcolithic Phase: Settlement, distribution, tools and patterns of exchange.
- Indus/Harappa Civilization: Origin, extent, major sites, settlement pattern, craft specialization, religion, society and polity, Decline of Indus Civilization, Internal and external trade, First urbanization in India.
- Vedic and later Vedic periods; Aryan debates, Political and Social Institutions, State Structure and Theories of State; Emergence of Varnas and Social Stratification, Religious and Philosophical Ideas. Introduction of Iron Technology, Megaliths of South India.
- Expansion of State system: Mahajanapadas, Monarchical and Republican States, Economic and Social Developments and Emergence of Second Urbanization in 6th century BCE; Emergence of heterodox sects-Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivikas.
Unit – II
- From State to Empire: Rise of Magadha, Greek invasion under Alexander and its effects, Mauryan expansion, Mauryan polity, society, economy, Asoka’s Dhamma and its Nature, Decline and Disintegration of the Mauryan Empire, Mauyan art and architecture, Asokan edicts: language and script.
- Dissolution of Empire and Emergence of Regional Powers: Indo-Greeks, Sungas, Satavahanas, Kushanas and Saka-Ksatrapas, Sangam literature, polity and society in South India as reflected in Sangam literature. Trade and commerce from 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE, Trade with the Roman World, Emergence of Mahayana Buddhism, Kharavela and Jainism, Post-Mauryan art and Architecture. Gandhara, Mathura and Amaravati schools.
- Gupta Vakataka age: Polity and Society, Agrarian Economy, Land Grants, Land Revenue and Land Rights, Gupta Coins, Beginning of Temple Architecture, Emergence of Puranic Hinduism, Development of Sanskrit Language and Literature. Developments in Science Technology, Astronomy, Mathematics and Medicine.
- Harsha and his Times: Administration and Religion.
- Salankayanas and Visnukundins in Andhradesa.
Unit-III
- Emergence of Regional Kingdoms: Kingdoms in Deccan: Gangas, Kadmabas, Western and Eastern Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and Yadavas.
- Kingdoms in South India: Pallavas, Ceras, Colas and Pandyas,
- Kingdoms in Eastern India: Palas and Senas of Bengal, Varmans of Kamarupa, Bhaumakaras and Somavamsis of Odisha.
- Kingdoms in Western India: Maitrakas of Vallabhi and Chalukyas of Gujarat.
- Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras.
- Characteristics of Early Medieval India: Administration and Political Structure Legitimation of Kingship.
- Agrarian economy; land grants, changing production relations; graded land rights and peasantry, water resources, taxation system, coins and currency system.
- Trade and urbanization: patterns of trade, and urban settlements, ports and trade routes, merchandise and exchange, trade guilds; trade and colonization in southeast Asia.
- Growth of Brahminical religions: Vaisnavism and Saivism; Temples; Patronage and Regional Ramification; Temple Architecture and Regional Styles. Dana, Tirtha and Bhakti, Tamil Bhakti movement – Shankara, Madhava and Ramanujacharya.
- Society: Varna, Jati and Proliferation of Castes, Position of women; Gender, marriage and property relations; Women in public life. Tribes as peasants and their place in Varna order. Untouchability.
- Education and Educational Institutions: Agraharas, Mathas and Mahaviharas as Centres of Education. Growth of Regional Languages.
- Debates of state formation in early medieval India: A) Feudal model; B) Segmentary model; C) Integrative model
- Arab contacts: Suleiman Ghaznavid conquests. Alberuni’s Accounts.
Unit – IV
- Sources of Medieval Indian History: Archaeological, Epigraphic and Numismatic sources, Material evidences, and Monuments; Chronicles; Literary sources – Persian, Sanskrit and Regional languages; Daftar Khannas: Firmans, Bahis / Pothis / Akhbarat; Foreign Travellers’ Accounts – Persian and Arabic.
- Political Developments – The Delhi Sultanate – the Ghorids, the Turks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, theSayyids and the Lodis. Decline of Delhi Sultanate.
- Foundation of the Mughal Empire – Babur, Humayun and the Suris ; Expansion and Consolidation from Akbar to Aurangzeb. Decline of the Mughal Empire.
- Later Mughals and Disintegration of the Mughal Empire.
- The Vijayanagara and the Bahmanis – Deccan Sultanate; Bijapur, Golkonda, Bidar, Berar and Ahmadnagar – Rise, Expansion and Disintegration; Eastern Gangas and Suryavamshi Gajapatis.
- Kingdoms in North India: Gurjara-Pratiharas, Kalacuri-Chedis, Gahadavalas and Paramaras.
- Rise of the Marathas & the foundation of Swaraj by Shivaji; its expansion under the Peshwas; Mughal – Maratha relations, Maratha Confederacy, Causes of Decline.
Unit – V
- Administration & Economy: Administration under the Sultanate, Nature of State – Theocratic and Theocentric, Central, Provincial and Local Administration, Law of succession.
- Sher Shah’s Administrative Reforms ; Mughal Administration – Central, Provincial and Local : Mansabdari and Jagirdari Systems.
- Administrative System in the Deccan – The Vijayanagara State & Polity, Bahamani Administrative System; Maratha Administration – Asta Pradhan.
- Frontier Policies under Delhi Sultanate and Mughals.
- Inter-State Relations during the Sultanate and the Mughals.
- Agricultural Production and Irrigation System, Village Economy, Peasantry, Grants and Agricultural Loans, Urbanization and Demographic Structure.
- Industries – Cotton Textiles, Handicrafts, Agro-Based industries, Organisation, Factories & Technology.
- Trade and Commerce – State Policies, Internal and External Trade: European Trade, Trade Centres and Ports, Transport and Communication.
- Hundi (Bills of Exchange) and Insurance, State Income and Expenditure, Currency, Mint System; Famines and Peasant Revolts.
Unit – VI
- Society and Culture: Social Organisation and Social Structure.
- The Sufis – Their Orders, Beliefs and Practices, the leading Sufi Saints, Social Synchronization.
- Bhakti Movement – Shaivism; Vaishnavism, Shaktism.
- The Saints of the Medieval Period – North and South – their impact on Socio-political and Religious Life – Women Saints of Medieval India.
- The Sikh Movement – Guru Nanak Dev: his teachings and practices, Adi Granth; the Khalsa.
- Social Classification: Ruling Class, Major Religious Groups, the Ulemas, the Mercantile and Professional Classes – Rajput Society.
- Rural society – Petty Chieftains, Village Officials, Cultivators and Non-Cultivating Classes, Artisans.
- Position of Women – Zanana System – Devadasi System.
- Development of Education, Centres of Education and Curriculum, Madarasa Education.
- Fine Arts – Major Schools of Painting – Mughal, Rajasthani, Pahari, Garhwali; Development of Music.
- Art and Architecture, Indo-Islamic Architecture, Mughal Architecture, Regional Styles.
- Indo-Arabic Architecture, Mughal Gardens, Maratha Forts, Shrines and Temples.
Unit –VII
- Sources of Modern Indian History: Archival Materials, Biographies and Memoirs, Newspapers, Oral Evidence, Creative Literature and Painting, Monuments, Coins.
- Rise of British Power: European Traders in India in the 16th to 18th Centuries – Portuguese, Dutch, French and the British.
- Establishment and Expansion of British Dominion in India.
- British Relations with Principal Indian States – Bengal, Oudh, Hyderabad, Mysore, Carnatic and Punjab.
- Revolt of 1857, Causes, Nature and Impact.
- Administration of the Company and the Crown; Evolution of Central and Provincial Structure under East India Company. Paramountcy, Civil Service, Judiciary, Police and the Army under the Company; British Policy and Paramountcy in the Princely States under the Crown.
- Local Self-Government.
- Constitutional Changes, 1909 – 1935.
Unit – VIII
- Colonial Economy: Changing Composition, Volume and Direction of Trade.
- Expansion and Commercialization of Agriculture, Land Rights, Land Settlements, Rural Indebtedness, Landless Labour, Irrigation and Canal System.
- Decline of Industries – Changing Socio-Economic Conditions of Artisans; De-urbanisation; Economic Drain; World Wars and Economy.
- British Industrial Policy; Major Modern Industries; Nature of Factory Legislation; Labour and Trade Union Movements.
- Monetary Policy, Banking, Currency and Exchange, Railways and Road Transport, Communications – Post & Telegraph.
- Growth of New Urban Centres; New Features of Town Planning and Architecture, Urban Society and Urban Problems.
- Famines, Epidemics and the Government Policy.
- Tribal and Peasant Movements.
- Indian Society in Transition: Contact with Christianity – the Missions and Missionaries; Critique of Indian Social and Economic Practices and Religious Beliefs; Educational and Other Activities.
- The New Education – Government Policy; Levels and Contents; English Language; Development of Science, Technology, Public Health & Medicine – Towads Modernism.
- Indian Renaissance – Socio-Religious Reforms; Emergence of Middle Class; Caste Associations and Caste Mobility
- Women’s Question – Nationalist Discourse; Women’s Organisations; British Legislation concerning Women, Gender Identity & Constitutional Position.
- The Printing Press – Journalistic Activity and the Public opinion.
- Modernisation of Indian Languages and Literary Forms – Reorientation in Painting, Music and Performing Arts.
Unit – IX
- Rise of Indian Nationalism: Social and Economic basis of Nationalism.
- Birth of Indian National Congress; Ideologies and Programmes of the Indian National Congress, 1885-1920: Early Nationalists, Assertive Nationalists and Revolutionaries.
- Swadeshi and Swaraj.
- Gandhian Mass Movements;Subas Chandra Bose and INA; Role of Middle Class in National Movement; Women Participation in National Movement.
- Left Wing Politics.
- Depressed Class Movement.
- Communal Politics; Muslim League and Genesis of Pakistan.
- Towards Independence and Partition.
- India after Independence Challenges of Partition; Integration of the Indian Princely States; Kashmir, Hyderabad & Junagarh.
- B.R. Ambedkar –The making of the Indian Constitution, its Features.
- The Structure of Bureaucracy.
- New Education Policy.
- Economic Policies and the Planning process; Development, Displacement and Tribal Issues.
- Linguistic Reorganisation of States; Centre-State Relations.
- Foreign Policy Initiatives – Panchsheel; Dynamics of Indian Politics-Emergency; Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation of Indian Economy.
Unit – X
- Historical Method, Research, Methodology and Historiography:
- Scope and Importance of History
- Objectivity and Bias in History
- Heuristics Operation, Criticism in History, Synthesis and Presentation
- History and its Auxiliary Sciences
- History a Science, Arts or a Social Science
- Causation and Imagination in History
- Significance of Regional History
- Recent Trends of Indian History
- Research Methodology
- Hypothesis in History
- Area of Proposed Research
- Sources – Data Collection, Primary / Secondary, Original and Transit Sources
- Trends in Historical Research
- Recent Indian Historiography
- Selection of Topic in History
- Notes Taking, References, Footnotes and Bibliography
- Thesis and Assignment Writing
- Plagiarism, Intellectual Dishonesty and History Writing
- Beginnings of Historical Writings – Greek, Roman and Church
- Historiography
- Renaissance and its Impact on History Writing
- Negative and Positive Schools of Historical Writing
- Berlin Revolution in History Writing – Von Ranke
- Marxist Philosophy of History – Scientific Materialism
- Cyclical Theory of History – Oswald Spengler
- Challenge and Response Theory – Arnold Joseph Toynbee
- Post – Modernism in History.
The Detailed Syllabus for UGC NET Paper-II (Sociology) is as follows:
Unit-1: Sociological Theory
- Classical Sociological Traditions
- Emile Durkheim
- Max Weber
- Karl Marx
- Structure-Functionalism and Structuralism
- Bronislaw Malinowski
- A.R. Radcliffe-Brown
- Talcott Parsons
- Robert K. Merton
- Claude Levi Strauss
- Hermeneutic and Interpretative Traditions
- G.H. Mead
- Karl Manheim
- Alfred Schutz
- Harold Garfinkel
- Erving Goffman
- Clifford Geertz
- Post Modernism, Post Structuralism and Post Colonialism
- Edward Said
- Pierre Bourdieu
- Michel Foucault
- Jurgen Habermas
- Anthony Giddens
- Manuel Castells
- Indian Thinkers
- M.K. Gandhi
- B.R. Ambedkar
- Radha Kamal Mukherjee
- G.S. Ghurye
- M.N. Srinivas
- Irawati Karve
Unit-2: Research Methodology and Methods
- Conceptualizing Social Reality
- Philosophy of Science
- Scientific Method and Epistemology in Social Science
- Hermeneutic Traditions
- Objectivity and Reflexivity in Social Science
- Ethics and Politics
- Formulating Research Design
- Reading Social Science Research, Data and Documents
- Induction and Deduction
- Fact, Concept and Theory
- Hypotheses, Research Questions, Objectives
- Quantitative and Qualitative Methods
- Ethnography
- Survey Method
- Historical Method
- Comparative Method
- Techniques
- Sampling
- Questionnaire and Schedule
- Statistical Analysis
- Observation, Interview and Case study
- Interpretation, Data Analysis and Report Writing
Unit-3: Basic Concepts and Institutions
- Sociological Concepts
- Social Structure
- Culture
- Network
- Status and Role
- Identity
- Community
- Diaspora
- Values, Norms and Rules
- Personhood, Habitus and Agency
- Bureaucracy, Power and Authority
- Social Institutions
- Marriage, Family and Kinship
- Economy
- Polity
- Religion
- Education
- Law and Customs
- Social Stratification
- Social Difference, Hierarchy, Inequality and Marginalization
- Caste and Class
- Gender, Sexuality and Disability
- Race, Tribe and Ethnicity
- Social Change and Processes
- Evolution and Diffusion
- Modernization and Development
- Social Transformations and Globalization
- Social Mobility
Unit-4: Rural and Urban Transformations
- Rural and Peasant Society
- Caste-Tribe Settlements
- Agrarian Social Structure and Emergent Class Relations
- Land Ownership and Agrarian Relations
- Decline of Agrarian Economy, De-Peasantization and Migration
- Agrarian Unrest and Peasant Movements
- Changing Inter-Community Relations and Violence
- Urban Society
- Urbanism, Urbanity and Urbanization
- Towns, Cities and Mega-Cities
- Industry, Service and Business
- Neighbourhood, Slums and Ethnic Enclaves
- Middle Class and Gated Communities
- Urban Movements and Violence
Unit-5: State, Politics and Development
- Political Processes in India
- Tribe, Nation State and Border
- Bureaucracy
- Governance and Development
- Public Policy: Health, Education and Livelihoods
- Political Culture
- Grass-root Democracy
- Law and Society
- Gender and Development
- Corruption
- Role of International Development Organizations
- Social Movements and Protests
- Political Factions, Pressure Groups
- Movements based on Caste, Ethnicity, Ideology, Gender, Disability, Religion and Region
- Civil Society and Citizenship
- NGOs, Activism and Leadership
- Reservations and Politics
Unit-6: Economy and Society
- Exchange, Gift, Capital, Labour and Market
- Modes of Production Debates
- Property and Property Relations
- State and Market: Welfarism and Neoliberalism
- Models of Economic Development
- Poverty and Exclusion
- Factory and Industry Systems
- Changing Nature of Labour Relations
- Gender and Labour Process
- Business and Family
- Digital Economy, E-Commerce
- Global Business and Corporates
- Tourism
- Consumption
Unit-7: Environment and Society
- Social and Cultural Ecology: Diverse Forms
- Technological Change, Agriculture and Biodiversity
- Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Ethno-Medicine
- Gender and Environment
- Forest Policies, Adivasis and Exclusion
- Ecological Degradation and Migration
- Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation
- Water and Social Exclusion
- Disasters and Community Responses
- Environmental Pollution, Public Health and Disability
- Climate Change and International Policies
- Environmental Movements
Unit-8: Family, Marriage and Kinship
- Theoretical Approaches: Structure-Functionalist, Alliance and Cultural
- Gender Relations and Power Dynamics
- Inheritance, Succession and Authority
- Gender, Sexuality and Reproduction
- Children, Youth and Elderly
- Emotions and Family
- Emergent Forms of Family
- Changing Marriage Practices
- Changing Care and Support Systems
- Family Laws
- Domestic Violence and Crime against Women
- Honour Killing
Unit-9: Science, Technology and Society
- History of Technological Development
- Changing notions of Time and Space
- Flows and Boundaries
- Virtual Community
- Media: Print and Electronic, Visual and Social Media
- E-Governance and Surveillance Society
- Technology and Emerging Political Processes
- State Policy, Digital Divide and Inclusion
- Technology and Changing Family Relations
- Technology and Changing Health Systems
- Food and Technology
- Cyber Crime
Unit-10: Culture and Symbolic Transformations
- Signs and Symbols
- Rituals, Beliefs and Practices
- Changing Material Culture
- Moral Economy
- Education: Formal and Informal
- Religious Organizations, Piety and Spirituality
- Commodification of Rituals
- Communalism and Secularism
- Cultural Identity and Mobilization
- Culture and Politics
- Gender, Body and Culture
- Art and Aesthetics
- Ethics and Morality
- Sports and Culture
- Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism
- Religion and Economy
- Culture and Environment
- New Religious Movements
UGC NET Anthropology Syllabus
Unit I
History, development, aim and scope of Anthropology, relationship with other sciences, different branches of Anthropology (including Linguistic Anthropology) and their interrelationship. |
Research methodology and methods: Concepts of epistemology, ontology and theoretical perspectives. Types of research (qualitative and quantitative), research design, hypothesis. Fieldwork and fieldwork tradition; Ethnography, Observation, Interview, Case Study, Life History, Focus group, PRA, RRA, Genealogical Method, Schedules and Questionnaires, Grounded Theory, Exploration and Excavation, GIS. |
Statistics: concept of variables, sampling, measures of central tendency and dispersion, parametric and nonparametric bivariate and multivariate (linear regression and logistic regression) statistical tests. |
Techniques of Analysis: Content analysis, Discourse analysis and Narratives |
Unit II
Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism, Synthetic theory, neutral theory of molecular evolution, concept of cladogenesis and anagenesis, punctuated equilibrium, selection |
Trends in Primate radiation; Primate classification and distribution of extinct and extant species. Characteristics of primates: morphological (hair), skeletal (cranial, post cranial, dental, brain), physical (opposability of thumb), locomotion (quadrupedalism, brachiation and bipedalism) and posture, Primate social behaviour. |
Extant Primates Distribution, characteristics and classification. Prosimii (Tarsiioidea, Lorisoidea, Lemuroidea), Anthropoidea (Ceboidea, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea). Morphological and anatomical characteristics of Human, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Orangutan and Gibbon |
Fossils of extinct Primates Oligocene-Miocene fossils – Parapithecus; Gigantopithecus, Aegyptopithecus, Dryopithecus, Ramapithecus and Sivapithecus. |
Pre-hominid groups: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (Toumai), Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus |
Early Hominids: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus ramidus, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) boisei, Australopithecus (Paranthropous) robustus, Australopithecus bahrelghazali. |
Early Transitional Human: Homo habilis. |
Hominid Evolution Characteristics and distribution of Homo erectus in general, Special reference to the fossil evidences discovered from Africa (Turkana boy), Asia (Java man and Peking man), Europe (Dmanisi), Homo floresiensis (Dwarf variety) |
Characteristics of Archaic sapiens with special reference to Europe (Homo heidelbergensis), Africa (Rhodesian Man), Asia (China, Jinniushan; India, Narmada Man). |
Neandertal man: Distribution, salient features and phylogenetic position. |
Characteristics of anatomically Modern Homo sapiens with special reference to Africa (Omo), Europe (Cro-magnon, Chancelade, Grimaldi), Asia (Jinniushan) and Australia (Lake Mungo). |
Dispersal of modern humans: Out of Africa hypothesis, Multiregional hypothesis, Partial Replacement hypothesis. |
Unit III
Modern Human Variation: Typological Model, Populational Model and Clinal Model; overview of Classification proposed by Blumenbach, Deniker, Hooton, Coon, Garn and Birdsell. |
Ethnic Classification and distribution of Indian Populations: H.H. Risley; B. S. Guha; S. S. Sarkar. |
Linguistic distribution of ethnic groups. |
Methods of studying Human Genetics: Cytogenetics, Mendelian Genetics, Twin Genetics, Sib Pair methods, Population Genetics, Molecular Genetics. |
Cytogenetics: cell cycle, standard karyotyping and banding techniques (G, C and Q), chromosomal abnormalities, fluorescent in situ hybridization, Lyon’s hypothesis, importance of telomere and centromere. |
Linkage and chromosome mapping, genetic imprinting |
Modes of inheritance: Autosomal (dominant, recessive, codominance), sex linked, sex influenced, sex limited, modifying genes, suppressor genes, selfish gene, multiple allelic inheritance, multifactorial inheritance (stature and skin colour), polygeneic (dermatoglyphicsFinger-ball Pattern types, Dankmeijer’s Index, Furuhata’s Index and Pattern Intensity Index, Total Finger Ridge Count, Absolute Finger Ridge Count, Palmar formula and mainline index, transversality, atd angle and flexion creases. |
Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, definition and application; mating patterns (random, assortative and consanguineous), inbreeding coefficient, genetic load, genetic isolate, genetic drift, genetic distance); genetic polymorphisim (balanced and transient). |
Molecular genetics: DNA, RNA, genetic code, protein structure and synthesis, concepts of RFLPs, VNTRs, STRs, and SNPs, Mitrochondrial DNA, genic and genomic mutations. |
Unit IV
Human Growth, development and maturation: definition, concepts. Basic principles of growth; phases of growth: Prenatal and postnatal (growth and development of different body parts, subcutaneous tissues and physiological variables). Growth curves: Velocity, Distance, Acceleration and Scammon’s Growth curve. Catch up and Catch down growth. |
Aging and senescence with special reference to somatic, skeletal and dental maturation Factors affecting growth: Genetic and Environmental. Secular trends in growth. |
Methods of studying human growth: Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Mixed longitudinal, Linked longitudinal. |
Body composition: Bone mass, body mass, percentage of body fat, segmental fat, body age. |
Human Adaptation: Allen’s and Bergmann’s rule; Human Adaptability Programme; human adaptation to heat, cold, high altitude. |
Somatotyping: Concept, Development (Kretschmer, Sheldon, Parnoll, Health-Carter) and its application |
Demography: Multidisciplinary nature of demography and its relation with other disciplines. Relationship between demography and anthropological demography. Fertility (concept and determinants), Morbidity and mortality (concept and determinants), Migration (concept and determinants), Selection intensity |
Unit V
Concept of prehistoric archaeology; ethno-archaeology, experimental archaeology, environmental archaeology, settlement archaeology, cognitive archaeology, geo-archaeology, action archaeology. Theoretical paradigms – descriptive to scientific period to interpretative period. |
Dating: Typology, seriation, geo-archaeological, obsidian, hydration, chemical dating of bones, oxygen isotope, fluorine estimation, dendrochronology, radio-carbon, fission track, thermo-luminescence, potassium-argon, varve clay, cross dating, amino acid racemization, palaeomagnetic. |
Paleoenvironment: Major geological stages (Tertiary, Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene). Major climatic changes during Pleistocene and post Pleistocene periods, glacial and interglacial periods, ice age, pluvial and inter-pluvial climatic phases. Evidences of quarternary climatic changes (moraines, varve, river terraces, loess, sea level changes, beach sequences, sea core, fluviatile deposits, palynology, palaeontology). Site formation. |
Lithic tool typology and technology: Lower Palaeolithic (pebble tools, chopper and chopping tools, bifaces, handaxes and cleavers); Middle Palaeolithic (Clactonean, Levalloisian and Mousterian flakes, discoid cores, tortoise core, fluted core, scrapers, point); Upper Palaeolithic (blade, knife, blunted back, borer, burin, points); Mesolithic (microliths); Neolithic (ring stone, grind stone, celt, adze). |
Overview of Lithic Cultures of Europe: Lower Palaeolithic: Acheulian culture. Middle Palaeolithic: Mousterian culture. Upper Palaeolithic: Perigordian, Chatelperronian, Gravettian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian. Mesolithic: Azilian, Tardenoisean, Maglamosean, Kitchen Midden, Natufian. |
Early Farming Cultures and Neolithic of the Near East: Sites like Jericho, Jarmo, Çatal Huyuk, Shanidar. |
Unit VI
Lower Palaeolithic Period in India Pebble tool culture: Soan Acheulian culture: Madrasian (Kortalayar Valley), Attirmpakkam, Didwana, Belan Valley, Bhimbetka, Chirki-Nevasa, Hunsgi, Krishna Valley. Importance of Hathnora, Narmada valley. |
Middle Palaeolithic period in India: Belan valley, Bhimbetka, Nevasa, Narmada valley. |
Upper Palaeolithic period in India: Renigunta, Billa Surgam, Patne, Bhimbetka, Son and Belan Valleys, Visadi, Pushkar, Gunjan Valley. |
Mesolithic period in India: Mesolithic economy and society. Post Pleistocene environmental changes. Development in microlithic technology, composite tools and bows and arrows. Sites include Bagor, Tilwara, Langhnaj, Adamgarh, Bagor, Chopani Mando, Bhimbetka, Sarai Nahar Rai, Birbhanpur |
Neolithic Period in India: Economic and social consequences of food production. Settlements, population growth, craft specializations, class formation and political institutions. Sites like Burzahom, Gufkral, Ahar, Gilund, Nagada, Kayatha, Navdatoli, Eran, Nevasa, Chandoli, Daimabad, Inamgaon, Prakash, Maski, Brahmagiri, Sangankallu, Tekkalkota, Piklihal, Nagarjunakonda, Daojali Hading, Kuchai, Sarutadu. |
Prehistoric Cave art from India: Bhimbetka, Adamgarh |
Indus Civilization: Expansion of village sites. Development of metal technology, art and writing. Architecture and city planning. Stages and theories of decline. Sites like Amri, Kot Diji, Kalibangan, Mohenjodaro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi. |
Pottery and Traditions: Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP), Black and Red ware, Painted Grey Ware (PGW), Northern Black Polished Ware (NBP). Distribution of the pottery types and period. |
Bronze/Copper Age: General characteristics, distribution, people. |
Iron Age and Urban Revolution: General characteristics, distribution, people |
Megaliths: concept and types (menhir, dolmen, topical, cist, cairn circle, sarcophagi) |
Unit VII
Conceptual Understanding of Social Anthropology: |
Culture: Attributes, Holism, Universals, Acculturation, Enculturation, Transculturation, Culture Change, Culture Shock, Cultural Relativism, Civilization, Folk-Urban Continuum, Great and Little Tradition, Cultural Pluralism and World-View. |
Society: Groups, Institutions, Associations, Community, Status and Role. Incest. Endogamy and Exogamy. Rites of passage. |
Social Institutions: |
Family: Definitions, universality of the family. Typological and Processual methods of studying the family. Types of family – conjugal-natal, consanguineal, nuclear, joint, extended. Rules of residence – Patrilocal, Matrilocal, Ambilocal, Bilocal, Neolocal, Avunculocal, Virilocal, Amitalocal, Uxorilocal. Functions of family, Trends of change – urbanization, globalization, industrialization, feminist movements. |
Marriage: Definition, universality, types and functions (monogamy, polygamy – polyandry, polygyny, hypogamy, hypergamy, levirate, sororate). Preferential and Prescriptive types. Types and forms of marital transactions – bride price and dowry. Marriage as exchange. |
Kinship: Definition, Descent, kinship terminology, matrilineal puzzle. Joking and avoidance. moiety, phratry, clan and lineage. Types of kinship systems. |
Economic Anthropology: Definition and relationship with Anthropology and Economy. Theories (Malinowski, Formal, Substantivist, Marxist). Livelihoods, Subsistence, Principles of production, distribution, consumption; division of labour in hunting-gathering, pastoral, swidden and agricultural communities. Exchange, reciprocity, gifts and barter systems. Kula, Potlatch and Jajmani – Anthropological explanations. |
Legal Anthropology: Anthropology of Law, Social Sanctions. |
Political Organization: Definitions, political processes in band, tribe, chiefdom and state systems. Conflicts and social control. Nations and Nation-state, democracy. |
Religion and Belief Systems: Definitions, animism, animatism, manaism, bongaism, totemism, taboo. Religious specialists – witch, shaman, priest, medicine-man, sorcerer. Magic – definitions, types, approaches. Rituals. |
Social Change: Basic ideas and concepts (Assimilation, Integration, Syncretism, Dominance and Subjugation), Approaches. |
Unit VIII
Theories in Social Anthropology |
Evolutionism – Tylor, Morgan, Fraser, Maine, McLennan. Diffusionism – Three schools (Austro-German, British, American). Historical Particularism – Boas. Functionalism – Malinowski. Structural-Functionalism – Radcliffe-Brown, Firth, Fortes, Eggan, Parsons. Structuralism – Levi-Strauss. Culture and Personality/Psychological Anthropology – Mead, Benedict, DuBois, Linton, Kardiner, Whiting and Child. Cultural Ecology, Environmental Anthropology, Neo-evolutionism (Leslie White, Julian Steward, Marshall Sahlins). Cultural Materialism – Marvin Harris. Symbolic Anthropology – Victor Turner, Raymond Firth, Mary Douglas. Cognitive Anthropology – Roy D’Andrade, Stephen Tyler, Ward Goodenough. Deep Ethnography, Interpretive Anthropology – Clifford Geertz. Anthropology and Gender – Leela Dube, Renato Rosaldo, Marilyn Strathern, Zora Neale Hutson. Postmodernism, Poststructuralism, Postcolonialism – Foucault, Derrida, Bourdieu. Ethnicity – Barth, Jeffery, Weber. |
Unit IX
Stages in the Development of Indian Anthropology |
Concepts: Social Stratification (eg. Caste), Scheduled Caste (SC), Dalit, OBC, Nomadic Groups. Revivalist/Nativist movements, Peasant movements (Malabar and Telengana movements). |
Tribe, Scheduled Tribe (ST), Particularly Vulnerable Groups (PVTGs), Tribal movements (Birsa and Naga movements), Tribal Development, Distribution. |
Indian Village and Village Studies in India (S.C. Dube, McKim Marriott, Weiser, Scarlett Epstein, M.N. Srinivas, F.G. Bailey) Constitutional Safeguards for SC and ST, Inclusion and Exclusion. Panchayati Raj Institutions and other traditional community political organizations, Self-Help Groups (SHGs). |
Theoretical ideas: Sanskritization, Westernization, Modernization, Globalization, Sacred Complex, Nature-Man-Spirit Complex |
Early Indian Anthropologists and their contributions: G.S. Ghurye, B.S. Guha, S.C. Roy, Iravati Karve, L.P. Vidyarthi, S.C. Dube, M.N. Srinivas, N.K. Bose, Surajit Sinha, D.N. Majumdar, S.R.K. Chopra, Verrier Elwin, S.S. Sarkar, Dharani Sen, T.C. Das, P.C. Biswas. |
Unit X
Concepts and Theories: Applied Anthropology, Action Anthropology, Engaged Anthropology, Experimental Anthropology, Urban Anthropology, Public Anthropology, Public Archaeology, Anthropology of Development, Medical Anthropology, Visual Anthropology, Genomic Studies, Genetic Screening and Counseling, Forensic Anthropology, Food and Nutritional Anthropology, Ergonomics, Kinanthropometry, Business Anthropology. |
Community Development Projects (Rural, Urban and Tribal); Revisits, Re-studies, Reinterpretations, Intervention, Research Process and Social Impact Assessment (SIA). Anthropological approaches in community studies: public health, education, nutrition, land alienation, bonded labour, housing, alternative economy, livelihood, gender issues, relief, rehabilitation and relocation, identity crisis, communication, training and management, aging and the aged. |
Development Strategies (Plan/Sub Plan). Role of NGOs in Development. Anthropology and NGOs. Empowerment of Women, LGBT groups. |
UGC-NET Public Administration Syllabus
Unit 1: Introduction to Public Administration
- Public Administration – Meaning, Nature, Scope & Significance; Evolution and Present Status of the Discipline; Politics-Administration Dichotomy; Globalization and Public Administration; Paradigm shift from Government to Governance.
- Principles of Organization: Division of work; Hierarchy; Coordination; Unity of Command; Span of Control; Authority, Power and Responsibility; Delegation; Centralization and Decentralization; Line, Staff and Auxiliary Agencies; Leadership and Supervision; Decision-making and Communication.
- Meaning, Nature and Scope of Personnel Administration: Classification, Recruitment, Training, Promotion, Compensation and service conditions; Discipline; Civil Service Neutrality, Anonymity and Commitment; Professional Associations and Unionism.
Unit 2: Administrative Thought
- Approaches to the study of Public Administration: Oriental – Kautilya; Classical – F W Taylor, Henri Fayol, Max Weber, Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick; Human Relations – Elton Mayo, Mary Parker Follett; Behaviouralism – Chester Barnard, Herbert Simon.
- Motivation – Abraham Maslow, Fredrick Herzberg, Douglas McGregor.
- Organizational Humanism – Chris Argyris, Rensis Likert.
- Writers on Administration: Dwight Waldo, Ferrel Heady, Robert Golembiewski and Peter Drucker.
- Minnowbrook Perspective; New Public Service and Postmodernism.
Unit 3: Indian Administration
- Evolution – Ancient, Mughal and British Periods; Constitutional Framework: Parliamentary and Federal Features.
- Union Government: President, Prime Minister & Council of Ministers; Cabinet Committees; Central Secretariat; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Election Commission and Electoral Reforms; Union-State Relations.
- Accountability: Legislative, Executive, and Judicial.
- Citizen Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Lok Pal, Lok Ayukta, Central Vigilance Commission, Regulatory Authorities.
- Issue areas: Politician–Civil Servant Relations; Generalists vs Specialists Debate; Combating Corruption.
- Civil Services: Classification – All India Services, Central Services, State Services.
- Recruitment Agencies – UPSC, State PSCs, other Commissions/Boards; Capacity Building of Civil Servants; Civil Service Reforms.
- Planning: Planning Commission, National Development Council, NITI Aayog, State Planning Commissions/Boards, Planning Departments.
- Judiciary: Indian Constitution & Independence of Judiciary; Supreme Court; High Courts; Judicial Review; Public Interest Litigation; Judicial Reforms.
- Police Administration and Reforms; E-Governance Initiatives in Indian Administration.
Unit 4: State & Local Administration
- Constitutional Framework of State Administration: State Legislature; Governor – Role & Functions; Chief Minister – Powers & Functions; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates & Commissionerates.
- District Administration – Concept & Evolution; District Collector – Power, Functions, Changing Role.
- Autonomous District Councils – Structure, Powers, Functions; District Rural Development Agency.
- Local Governance: 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts; State Election Commission; State Finance Commission; District Planning Committee; Gram Sabha; Gram Panchayats; Panchayat Samitis; Zila Parishads.
- Finance in PRIs; Local-Level Personnel Administration; Rural Development Policies & Programmes – MGNAREGA.
- Urban Governance: Growth of Urbanization; Municipal Corporations, Councils, Nagar Panchayats, Metropolitan Governance – Structure, Composition, Functions; Sources of Finance; Personnel Administration; Urban Governance Reforms – Solid Waste Management, Smart Cities, AMRUT cities.
Unit 5: Comparative and Development Administration
- Comparative Public Administration: Concept, Nature, Scope, Significance; Public Administration & its Environment.
- Approaches/Methods to the Study: Institutional, Behavioural, Structural-Functional, Ecological, Systems Approaches.
- Fred Riggs’s Typology; Problems of Comparative Research.
- Comparative Studies – Influence of Globalization; Features of Administrative Systems in UK, USA, France, Japan.
- Development Administration: Development & its Dimensions; Development vs Modernization.
- Approaches – Sustainable Development, Anti-Development.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Concept, Nature, Scope, Objectives, Features, Significance; Ecology of Development Administration.
- Contributions of Fred Riggs, Dwight Waldo, Edward Widener.
- Bureaucracy’s Role in Development.
- Globalization & Development Administration; Non-State Actors in Development Administration.
- Public-Private Partnerships; Corporate Social Responsibility.
- Human Development Indicators; Social Audit.
Unit 6: Economic and Financial Administration
- Economic Policies: Mixed Economy to LPG; New Economic Policy (NEP); Industrial Policy since Independence.
- Public Enterprises – Concept, Growth, Forms; Management; Accountability; Autonomy; Disinvestment Policies.
- Financial Administration: Public Finance – Revenue & Expenditure; Financial Administration – Nature, Scope, Significance.
- Budget – Meaning, Purpose, Significance; Budgetary Process – Preparation, Enactment, Execution.
- Types of Budget – PPBS, Performance Budget, Zero-Based Budget, Gender Budget.
- Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act (FRBMA); Sunset Legislation.
- Fiscal Federalism – Union-State Financial Relations; Finance Commission.
Unit 7: Social Welfare Administration
- Concept of Social Welfare, Social Justice, Social Change.
- Equity & Inclusiveness in Social Justice.
- Affirmative Action – Reservations.
- Institutional Arrangements for Social Welfare & Social Justice Administration.
- NGOs, Civil Society, Voluntary Agencies.
Unit 8: Public Policy
- Nature, Scope, Importance of Public Policy.
- Evolution of Public Policy and Policy Sciences.
- Public Policy & Public Administration.
- Approaches – Process, Logical Positivism, Phenomenological, Participatory, Normative.
- Theories/Models of Policy Making – Harold Lasswell, Charles Lindblom, Yehezkel Dror.
Unit 9: Governance and Good Governance
- Ancient Discourse – Kautilya, Plato, Aristotle on Good Governance.
- Elements and Forms of Good Governance.
- Theories and Concepts – World Bank, UNDP.
- State, Market, Civil Society.
- Public Choice Theory; New Public Management; Public Value Theory.
- Governance as Theory; Public Governance.
Unit 10: Research Methodology
- Social Science Research – Meaning, Significance.
- Methodology vs Method; Facts & Values in Research.
- Role in Theory-Building.
- Scientific Method; Objectivity in Social Research.
- Types of Research; Identification of Research Problem.
- Hypotheses & Null Hypotheses; Validation of Hypothesis.
UGC-NET Psychology Syllabus –
Unit 1: Emergence of Psychology
- Definition, History, and Evolution of Psychology
- Schools of Psychology: Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviourism, Gestalt, Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, Cognitive.
- Branches of Psychology
- Cognitive, Social, Clinical, Developmental, Industrial, and Organizational Psychology.
- Methods of Psychology
- Introspection, Observation, Experimental, Correlational, Interview, Case Study, and Field Study.
- Emergence of Psychology in India
- Indian contribution and perspectives in psychology.
Unit 2: Research Methodology and Statistics
- Research in Psychology: Basic concepts and principles.
- Types of Research: Descriptive, Experimental, Correlational, Applied, and Action Research.
- Sampling: Probability and Non-Probability sampling techniques.
- Hypothesis: Types, characteristics, and formulation.
- Variables: Independent, Dependent, Confounding, and Control of Variables.
- Experimental Designs: Between-groups, Within-groups, and Mixed Designs.
- Data Collection Methods: Observation, Interview, Questionnaire, and Psychometric tools.
- Descriptive Statistics:
- Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median, Mode.
- Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, Standard Deviation.
- Skewness and Kurtosis.
- Inferential Statistics:
- Correlation – Pearson, Spearman, Rank Order.
- Regression – Linear and Multiple Regression.
- ANOVA (One-way and Two-way), t-test, Chi-square test.
- Non-parametric tests – Sign test, Median test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test.
- Ethical Issues in Psychological Research.
Unit 3: Psychological Testing
- Nature and Scope of Psychological Testing.
- Characteristics of a Good Test: Reliability, Validity, Objectivity, Standardization.
- Types of Psychological Tests: Intelligence, Aptitude, Achievement, Personality, Interest, Attitude.
- Test Construction: Steps and Procedures.
- Norms: Types and applications.
- Item Analysis: Item difficulty, discrimination index.
- Application of Psychological Tests in various settings: Educational, Clinical, Organizational, Counseling.
Unit 4: Biological Basis of Behaviour
- Neurons and Neural Transmission.
- Structure and functions of nervous system: CNS, PNS, ANS.
- Brain structure and functions: Hindbrain, Midbrain, Forebrain, Limbic System.
- Endocrine System and Hormones in behaviour.
- Genetics and Behaviour.
- Biological basis of motivation and emotion.
- Biological rhythms: Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms.
- Neurotransmitters and their role in psychological functions.
Unit 5: Attention, Perception, Learning, Memory, and Forgetting
- Attention: Types, determinants, and theories.
- Perception:
- Laws of Perceptual Organization.
- Depth Perception and Perceptual Constancy.
- Errors in perception: Illusions and Hallucinations.
- Learning:
- Classical and Operant Conditioning.
- Observational Learning.
- Cognitive Theories of Learning (Tolman, Kohler, Bandura).
- Transfer of Learning.
- Memory: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval.
- Types of Memory – Sensory, Short-term, Long-term.
- Theories of Forgetting – Interference, Decay, Motivated Forgetting.
- Techniques to Improve Memory: Mnemonics and other strategies.
Unit 6: Thinking, Intelligence, and Creativity
- Thinking: Types, stages, barriers, and problem-solving.
- Concept formation and Decision-making.
- Intelligence:
- Theories: Spearman, Thurstone, Guilford, Gardner, Sternberg, Cattell.
- Measurement of Intelligence: IQ tests, individual and group tests.
- Creativity:
- Definition and characteristics.
- Measurement of Creativity.
- Relationship between Creativity and Intelligence.
Unit 7: Personality, Motivation, Emotion, Stress, and Coping
- Personality:
- Definition and nature.
- Theories: Psychoanalytic (Freud), Trait (Allport, Cattell, Eysenck), Humanistic (Rogers, Maslow), Social Cognitive (Bandura).
- Assessment of Personality: Projective and Non-projective techniques.
- Motivation:
- Types of Motivation – Intrinsic, Extrinsic.
- Theories: Drive Theory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Determination Theory.
- Emotion:
- Components and theories: James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, Lazarus.
- Role of emotion in behaviour.
- Stress and Coping:
- Types of stressors, physiological and psychological responses.
- General Adaptation Syndrome.
- Coping strategies – Problem-focused and Emotion-focused.
Unit 8: Social Psychology
- Nature, Scope, and History of Social Psychology.
- Social Perception: Attribution theories, stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination.
- Group Dynamics:
- Types of groups.
- Group norms, cohesion, and decision-making.
- Leadership styles and theories.
- Attitudes:
- Formation and change of attitudes.
- Measurement of attitudes.
- Social Influence: Conformity, compliance, obedience.
- Prosocial Behaviour and Aggression:
- Theories and determinants.
- Interpersonal Attraction: Factors and theories.
Unit 9: Human Development and Interventions
- Human Growth and Development:
- Principles and stages – Prenatal, Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Old Age.
- Physical, Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Development.
- Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development.
- Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.
- Counseling and Psychotherapy:
- Goals and techniques.
- Psychoanalytic, Behavioural, Cognitive-Behavioural, Humanistic approaches.
- Community Interventions:
- Psychological interventions for health, education, and organizations.
Unit 10: Emerging Areas
- Health Psychology.
- Positive Psychology.
- Cognitive Neuroscience.
- Environmental Psychology.
- Sports Psychology.
- Forensic Psychology.
- Military Psychology.
- Cyber Psychology.
- Cultural Psychology.