Introduction:
Deontological ethics, a branch of normative ethical theory, asserts that the rightness of an action is determined by adherence to a set of rules or standards, irrespective of the consequences it produces.
This perspective stands in contrast to consequentialism, which evaluates actions solely based on their outcomes.
Body:
Deontological Ethics and Norms in the Indian Context:
Following Universal Rules:
- Deontological ethics require that rules be logically sound, consistent, and applicable universally. They should not lead to contradictions.
- Example: Prohibition of corruption, even though a minor act of corruption might expedite decision-making.
Person’s Intentions:
- Deontological ethics emphasize controlling one’s intentions, recognizing that outcomes are not always predictable.
- Example: Rendering aid to accident victims with pure intentions, even though it may lead to a police inquiry.
Selflessness:
- Actions should not be driven by personal desires or greed but should align with socially accepted norms.
- Example: Acts of charity driven by a sense of responsibility rather than personal gain.
Treating All People as “Ends”:
- Deontology ensures that individuals are never used as mere means to an end and their well-being is not sacrificed for the benefit of others.
- Example: Rejecting the idea of harvesting organs from a healthy individual to save multiple others.
Morally Compliant Action:
- Actions must conform to moral obligations, even if they may enhance the lives of those performing them.
- Example: Firms engaging in tax planning to maximize profits while still adhering to legal and moral obligations.
Challenges and Resolutions:
- Deontology can sometimes lead to “Crimes of Omission,” where failing to act may have morally troubling consequences.
- One resolution is “threshold deontology,” which suggests adhering to rules except in emergency situations when a consequentialist approach may be necessary.
Conclusion:
The deontological approach, emphasizing the importance of adhering to moral norms regardless of consequences, offers a strong framework for understanding ethical behavior. It aligns with shared moral intuitions and encourages individuals to act based on principles rather than solely pursuing favourable outcomes.