Legacy IAS — Bengaluru
The Hindu
UPSC News Analysis
Mains & Prelims Oriented | GS I · II · III · IV · Essay
📅 Tuesday, March 24, 2026
A curated, exam-ready analysis of today’s most important news
US–Iran Crisis
Women’s Reservation
TB Elimination
India’s Economy
West Bengal Polls
Superconductivity
Net FDI
FCRA Amendment
Orange Economy
India–Russia Relations
📋 Table of Contents
- 1Trump Pauses Strikes on Iran — US–Iran Crisis & India’s Energy SecurityGS II & III
- 2Centre Signals Early Delimitation & Women’s Reservation for 2029 PollsGS II
- 3World TB Day — Evolving Diagnostic Landscape & TB Elimination in IndiaGS II & III
- 4India’s Economic Fundamentals — Core Industries, GDP & FDI ConcernsGS III
- 5Net FDI Negative for Fifth Consecutive MonthGS III
- 6FCRA Amendment Bill 2026 — Regulating Foreign ContributionsGS II
- 7Orange Economy — AI Skilling & Creative Economy InitiativesGS III
- 8India–Russia Relations in the Multipolar World OrderGS II
- 9Superconductivity Breakthrough — New Temperature RecordGS III (Sci & Tech)
- 10West Bengal Assembly Elections 2026 — Key ThemesGS II
- 11FAQs — UPSC SEO OptimisedAll GS
Article 01
Trump Pauses Strikes on Iran — US–Iran Crisis & India’s Energy Security
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- US President Trump issued a 48-hour ultimatum to Iran to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, threatening strikes on Iran’s power infrastructure.
- After “productive talks,” Trump announced a 5-day pause on strikes; Iran denied negotiations and the IRGC launched retaliatory drone/missile attacks on the US Fifth Fleet in Bahrain.
- India is directly impacted: ~90% of its LPG imports were sourced from West Asia; two Indian-flagged LPG carriers (Jag Vasant and Pine Gas) carrying ~93,000 tonnes transited Hormuz.
📚 B. Static Background
- Strait of Hormuz: A narrow chokepoint between Iran and Oman; ~20% of global oil trade passes through it daily.
- India’s energy dependence: India is the 3rd largest oil importer globally; ~85% crude oil needs are met by imports; West Asia accounts for ~60-65% of crude imports.
- Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR): India currently maintains 5.3 mn tonnes; targets 6.5 mn tonnes. Storage locations: Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, Padur.
- India–Iran relations: Chabahar Port (operated by India), suppressed under US sanctions pressure. Iran is a key energy and connectivity partner.
- IRGC: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps — designated as a terrorist organization by the US; responsible for Iran’s asymmetric warfare capabilities.
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (2016): LPG connectivity scheme for BPL households — making India even more dependent on LPG imports.
🧠 C. Key Dimensions — Mind Map
US–Iran Crisis: Impact on India
⛽ Energy Security
- 90% LPG imports from West Asia disrupted
- Oil prices >$100/barrel
- Domestic LPG production covers only 50-60% of demand
- LNG, crude sourced from Europe & US as alternatives
📉 Economic Impact
- BSE Sensex fell 2.46%; Rupee hit ₹94.11/USD
- GDP growth downgraded to ~6.5%
- Inflation fears due to high crude prices
- Gold futures dropped 10%+
🚢 Indian Diaspora & Shipping
- ~1 crore Indians in Gulf countries
- 3.75 lakh+ Indians evacuated (1000 from Iran)
- India-flagged vessels transiting Hormuz
- Chabahar Port connectivity at risk
🌐 Diplomatic Stance
- India calls for “dialogue and diplomacy”
- PM Modi spoke to all West Asian leaders
- EAM Jaishankar met GCC ambassadors
- India tracking US–Iran talks closely
🔄 India’s LPG Crisis Response — Flowchart
Hormuz Disruption
→
LPG Import Crisis
→
Domestic Production ↑40%
→
Source Diversification (EU, US)
→
PNG Transition Push
→
SPR Release + Rationing
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- India’s strategic vulnerability: Over-dependence on a single geopolitical region for energy is a structural risk. The Ujjwala Yojana expanded LPG access without securing adequate supply chains.
- Lack of foresight: Domestic oil/gas sector contracted for 20 of the last 24 months — policy should have pushed domestic production when escalation signals emerged from mid-2025.
- Diplomatic tightrope: India must balance its relationship with Iran (Chabahar, energy) and the US (strategic partnerships, QUAD, tech) — making a clear stance difficult.
- Trump’s unpredictability: The “erratic policy” problem — US alliances seen as transactional, making long-term planning for partners like India difficult.
- Iran’s denial: If negotiations fail and conflict resumes, India has limited hedging options in the short term.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Expand SPR: Increase from 5.3 to at least 90-day import equivalent (IEA standard); fast-track Chandikhol (Odisha) and other planned cavern projects.
- Source diversification: Accelerate LPG and crude procurement from US, Russia, Africa, and Latin America.
- Domestic energy push: Fast-track OALP (Open Acreage Licensing Policy) blocks; incentivise ONGC/OIL for domestic exploration.
- Accelerate PNG rollout: Scale piped natural gas as a structural replacement for cylinder LPG in urban and semi-urban areas.
- Diplomacy first: India should use its “strategic autonomy” to act as a peace mediator — consistent with the PM’s “this is not an era of war” doctrine.
- Economic Stabilisation Fund: RBI has suggested creating this to hedge against global energy shocks.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- Strait of Hormuz connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman
- India’s SPR locations: Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, Padur
- IEA’s strategic reserve norm: 90 days of net imports
- India’s refining capacity has grown significantly in the last 11 years
- IRGC = Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
- US Fifth Fleet is headquartered in Bahrain
Mains Question (15 marks):
“The US–Iran conflict in West Asia has exposed India’s structural vulnerabilities in energy security. Critically analyse the challenges and suggest a comprehensive energy security strategy for India.” (250 words)
“The US–Iran conflict in West Asia has exposed India’s structural vulnerabilities in energy security. Critically analyse the challenges and suggest a comprehensive energy security strategy for India.” (250 words)
Mains Question (10 marks):
“Discuss India’s diplomatic options in navigating the US–Iran conflict while protecting its strategic and economic interests.” (150 words)
“Discuss India’s diplomatic options in navigating the US–Iran conflict while protecting its strategic and economic interests.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following statements about India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) is/are correct?
1. India currently maintains SPR at three locations: Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur.
2. The IEA mandates its members to maintain at least 60 days of net oil import reserves.
3. India is a member of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
1. India currently maintains SPR at three locations: Visakhapatnam, Mangaluru, and Padur.
2. The IEA mandates its members to maintain at least 60 days of net oil import reserves.
3. India is a member of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Answer: (c) Statement 1 is correct. The IEA norm is 90 days (not 60). India is an Association country of IEA, not a full member.
Article 02
Centre Signals Early Delimitation & Women’s Reservation for 2029 Lok Sabha Elections
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- The Union government plans to amend the Constitution to enable delimitation based on the 2011 Census (instead of waiting for the 2021 Census), to implement the Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 before the 2029 Lok Sabha elections.
- Under the proposal, Lok Sabha seats will increase from 543 to 816, with 273 seats (33%) reserved for women.
- Southern states fear losing proportional representation due to their success in population control — the Centre says existing state seat ratios will be maintained with a 50% overall increase in seats.
📚 B. Static Background
- Women’s Reservation Act (2023): Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023 — mandates 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. Implementation linked to delimitation after Census.
- Article 82: Parliament to readjust allocation of seats after each Census. Next delimitation was originally due after the Census following 2026.
- Article 170: Readjustment of seats in State Legislative Assemblies after each Census.
- Delimitation Commission: A statutory body to redraw constituency boundaries. Past exercises: 1952, 1963, 1973, 2002 (J&K 1995). The 2002 exercise froze the number of seats.
- 2021 Census: Delayed due to COVID-19; begins April 2026. Without amendment, implementation of reservation would be pushed beyond 2030.
- Two-thirds majority: Required in both Houses to pass the constitutional amendment — necessitating Opposition consultation.
📊 C. Key Dimensions — Table
| Dimension | Current Position | Post-Amendment (Proposed) |
|---|---|---|
| Lok Sabha Seats | 543 | 816 |
| Women’s Reserved Seats | 0 | 273 (33%) |
| Census Basis | 2021 (pending) | 2011 Census (proposed) |
| Majority Needed | — | 2/3rd majority in both Houses |
| Implementation Target | Likely post-2030 | By 2029 elections |
| State Assembly Impact | — | ~50% increase in seats |
🧠 D. Critical Analysis
- Southern States’ concern: States like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka — which performed better on population control — fear loss of political voice if seats are reallocated proportionally to population. Using 2011 Census partially addresses this but doesn’t fully resolve it.
- Federal concerns: Changing the basis of delimitation mid-cycle is unprecedented. It raises questions about constitutional propriety and the sanctity of Article 82.
- Tokenism vs. real empowerment: Reservation of seats does not guarantee women’s substantive political empowerment — issues of surrogate candidates (“proxy politics”) from male relatives persist.
- Opposition dynamics: Two-thirds majority requires bipartisan support. TMC and Left boycotted consultation meetings, raising concerns about consensus.
- Electoral roll integrity: West Bengal’s SIR controversy shows that electoral reforms can simultaneously create disenfranchisement risks.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Conduct the 2021 Census at the earliest to provide a fresh, accurate demographic baseline.
- Ensure federal consensus through the Inter-State Council before finalising delimitation norms.
- Introduce inner-party democracy measures to prevent proxy candidacy post-reservation.
- Align delimitation with SDG 5 (Gender Equality) and India’s international commitments.
- Establish an independent Delimitation Commission before the exercise to ensure apolitical redrawing of boundaries.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- Women’s Reservation = Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, 2023
- Delimitation basis under proposed amendment: 2011 Census
- Proposed LS seat strength: 543 → 816
- Constitutional Article for Lok Sabha delimitation: Article 82
- Article 170 relates to State Legislative Assemblies
Mains Question (15 marks):
“The Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 is a landmark in India’s constitutional history, yet its implementation is mired in procedural and political challenges. Critically examine.” (250 words)
“The Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 is a landmark in India’s constitutional history, yet its implementation is mired in procedural and political challenges. Critically examine.” (250 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Consider the following about the Women’s Reservation Act, 2023:
1. It is the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act.
2. It provides 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and Rajya Sabha.
3. Its implementation requires delimitation of constituencies based on a Census.
1. It is the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act.
2. It provides 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha, State Assemblies, and Rajya Sabha.
3. Its implementation requires delimitation of constituencies based on a Census.
Answer: (b) The Act does NOT cover Rajya Sabha — only Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Article 03
World TB Day — Evolving Diagnostic Landscape, TB Champions & Integrated Care
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- World TB Day is observed every year on March 24 — the date Robert Koch announced the discovery of the TB bacterium in 1882.
- India has the highest TB burden globally — 25+ lakh cases diagnosed annually; ~3 lakh deaths per year.
- WHO has endorsed new near point-of-care (NPOC) molecular tests, tongue swab samples, and AI-enabled portable chest X-rays for TB diagnosis.
- Key issues: nutrition-TB linkage, mental health of TB patients, integrated care, and the TB Champion movement.
📚 B. Static Background
- National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP): India’s flagship programme; targets TB elimination by 2025 (revised to 2027 post-COVID).
- Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan: Launched 2022; community-driven TB elimination; includes “Ni-Kshay Mitras” (donors/adoptors).
- Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana: Direct Benefit Transfer of ₹1,000/month (revised from ₹500) to TB patients for nutritional support.
- RATIONS Trial: Randomised trial in Jharkhand — showed that a food basket (cereals, pulses, milk powder, oil) reduced new TB cases in TB-affected families by ~50%; WHO has now incorporated its findings in global guidelines.
- Cartridge-based NAAT (CBNAAT) / Truenat: Molecular diagnostics introduced in India in 2016 and 2020 respectively.
- SDG Target: SDG 3.3 — End TB epidemic by 2030.
- Extra-pulmonary TB: ~25% of India’s TB burden; harder to diagnose, often costly and delayed.
🧠 C. Key Dimensions
India’s TB Elimination Strategy — Key Pillars
🔬 Diagnostics
- CBNAAT, Truenat, nPOC-NAAT
- AI-enabled portable chest X-ray
- Tongue swab tests (for children/elderly)
- Stool-based tests (research stage)
🥗 Nutrition
- RATIONS Trial — 50% new case reduction
- Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana (₹1000/month DBT)
- Pulses in PDS proposed
- 5% early weight gain reduces death by 60%
🧠 Mental Health
- 1/3rd of TB patients suffer depression/anxiety
- Drug-resistant TB: up to 2/3rds have mental health issues
- Stigma — self, family, workplace
- Need for psychoeducation and peer support
🤝 Community
- TB Champions (survivor-led advocacy)
- Survivor-to-Champion training curriculum
- Peer counselling and support groups
- TB Champion networks in multiple states
📊 C. Integrated TB Care — Key Comorbidities Table
| Comorbidity | Link to TB | Integrated Response |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes | 3x higher risk of active TB; worsens treatment outcomes | Bi-directional screening under NTEP; glycemic monitoring during TB treatment |
| Undernutrition | Contributes to ~40% of new TB cases in India | RATIONS trial-based food basket; Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana |
| Mental Health | Depression delays care-seeking; leads to irregular treatment | District Mental Health Programme integration; CBT and peer groups |
| Chronic Respiratory Disease (COPD/Asthma) | Similar symptoms; post-TB respiratory impairment common | REACH pilot in Bihar and Tamil Nadu — 3,000 COPD/asthma cases identified |
| HIV | HIV is a major risk factor for TB reactivation | Co-treatment protocols; ART centres integrated with NTEP |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Asymptomatic TB: National TB Survey shows asymptomatic TB is a serious issue — symptom-based screening alone is insufficient; universal access to chest X-ray needed.
- Access gaps: Molecular testing (NAAT) access remains uneven; elderly, disabled, and remote populations face barriers in sputum collection.
- Children and TB: Children cannot produce sputum; stool-based testing underfunded; children remain the most diagnostically neglected group.
- Extra-pulmonary TB (EP-TB): ~25% burden; expensive, hard to access diagnostics; significant catastrophic costs for families.
- Sustainability of TB Champions: Survivor-led networks dependent on external funding; no self-sustaining economic model yet.
- Vertical programme problem: NTEP, National Mental Health Programme, National Nutrition Mission — don’t always talk to each other in terms of data or resources.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Achieve 100% upfront molecular testing (NAAT) before treatment initiation.
- Invest in AI-enabled portable chest X-ray for active case finding in hard-to-reach areas.
- Include pulses in PDS and expand Ni-Kshay Mitra scheme to households — following RATIONS trial evidence.
- Integrate TB care with mental health services through the District Mental Health Programme.
- Create self-sustaining socioeconomic models for TB Champion survivor networks.
- Fast-track EP-TB diagnostics including AI-enabled portable ultrasound and new molecular tools.
- Align with SDG 3.3: End the TB epidemic by 2030.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- World TB Day: March 24
- India’s TB elimination target: 2027 (revised from 2025)
- RATIONS trial conducted in: Jharkhand (ICMR-supported)
- Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana DBT amount: ₹1,000/month
- CBNAAT introduced in India: 2016; Truenat: 2020
- SDG target for TB elimination: SDG 3.3
Mains Question (15 marks):
“India’s approach to TB elimination must shift from a biomedical to a socio-ecological model. Discuss with reference to recent policy developments and community-level interventions.” (250 words)
“India’s approach to TB elimination must shift from a biomedical to a socio-ecological model. Discuss with reference to recent policy developments and community-level interventions.” (250 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Consider the following statements about the RATIONS trial:
1. It was conducted in Jharkhand with support from ICMR.
2. It demonstrated that food-based interventions can reduce new TB cases in TB-affected families by nearly 50%.
3. WHO has incorporated findings from this trial into its global TB guidelines.
1. It was conducted in Jharkhand with support from ICMR.
2. It demonstrated that food-based interventions can reduce new TB cases in TB-affected families by nearly 50%.
3. WHO has incorporated findings from this trial into its global TB guidelines.
Answer: (c) All three statements are correct based on recent publications and WHO’s new nutrition guidelines for TB.
Article 04
India’s Economic Fundamentals Need a Realistic Reassessment — Core Industries, GDP & Growth
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- India’s Index of Eight Core Industries showed growth dropping to a 3-month low in February 2026, with domestic crude oil contracting for 6 consecutive months and natural gas contracting for 20 consecutive months.
- New GDP series data shows the Indian economy is smaller than previously estimated; private consumption, capital formation, exports and imports all declined as share of GDP between 2022-23 and 2025-26.
- Economists and rating agencies have downgraded India’s growth to ~6.5% amid the West Asia crisis pushing oil above $100/barrel.
📚 B. Static Background
- Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI): Measures output of 8 infrastructure sectors — Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement, Electricity. Weight: 40.27% in IIP.
- GDP (Gross Domestic Product): Expenditure method: GDP = C + I + G + (X–M). India uses Base Year 2011-12 for GDP calculations.
- Demand-side problem: “Change in stocks” (inventories) nearly doubled — indicating goods are being produced but not sold; demand compression.
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (2016): Increased LPG demand without commensurate supply security planning.
📊 C. Core Industries — Performance Snapshot
| Sector | Performance | Key Concern |
|---|---|---|
| Crude Oil | Contracting for 6 consecutive months | Import dependence; no domestic buffer built |
| Natural Gas | Contracting for 20 consecutive months | Severe structural decline; PNG push undermined |
| Overall ICI | 3-month low (Feb 2026); half of January’s rate | War-compounded slowdown |
| Private Consumption | Declining as share of GDP (2022-26) | Demand compression; consumption-led growth at risk |
| Capital Formation | Declining share of GDP | Investment slowdown; private capex weak |
| Exports & Imports | Both declining as share of GDP | External sector losing momentum |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Structural weakness predates the war: The economic data was worrying before the West Asia conflict began — making the crisis a compounding factor, not the root cause.
- Inventory pileup: Rise in “change in stocks” (inventories) signals a demand-deficiency problem — the economy is producing but people aren’t buying. This will eventually lead to production cuts.
- Policy complacency: Despite clear signs of energy vulnerability from mid-2025, domestic oil/gas production was not pushed. The editorial calls this a “lack of foresight.”
- GDP revision: If the new GDP series shows India’s economy is smaller than thought, it affects fiscal calculations, debt ratios, and development benchmarks.
- Rating agency downgrades: From ~7% to ~6.5% growth projection — affects investor sentiment, sovereign ratings, and capital flows.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Implement Economic Stabilisation Fund (suggested by RBI) to buffer against external shocks.
- Boost domestic demand through targeted welfare spending, rural income support, and consumption-linked tax relief.
- Accelerate domestic oil & gas exploration (OALP rounds) as a medium-term buffer.
- Reform private investment climate — land, labour, ease of doing business — to revive capex cycle.
- Diversify export basket to reduce dependence on goods affected by global volatility.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- ICI covers 8 sectors; weight in IIP: 40.27%
- India’s GDP base year: 2011-12
- “Change in stocks” is part of the expenditure method of GDP
- RBI’s Economic Stabilisation Fund — proposed in March 2026 Bulletin
Mains Question (15 marks):
“India’s much-vaunted macroeconomic fundamentals and resilience need a realistic reassessment in light of recent data on core industries, GDP revision, and demand contraction. Discuss.” (250 words)
“India’s much-vaunted macroeconomic fundamentals and resilience need a realistic reassessment in light of recent data on core industries, GDP revision, and demand contraction. Discuss.” (250 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following sectors are included in the Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI)?
1. Coal 2. Textiles 3. Cement 4. Fertilizers 5. Electronics
1. Coal 2. Textiles 3. Cement 4. Fertilizers 5. Electronics
Answer: (b) The eight core industries are: Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement, and Electricity. Textiles and Electronics are NOT included.
Article 05
Net FDI Negative for Fifth Consecutive Month — India’s Foreign Investment Concerns
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- Net FDI into India was negative for the 5th consecutive month in January 2026 at approximately –$1.4 billion (3-month high).
- Gross FDI inflows fell ~7% YoY to $5.7 billion; repatriation/disinvestment by foreign companies nearly doubled (+97.3%) to $4.9 billion.
- Manufacturing remains the top sector for equity inflows, followed by computer services and electricity/energy.
📚 B. Static Background
- FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Investment by a foreign entity in a domestic company with lasting interest and management control (typically 10%+ stake).
- Net FDI = Gross FDI Inflows − (Repatriation/Disinvestment + Outward FDI by Indian companies)
- FPI (Foreign Portfolio Investment): Short-term investment in stocks/bonds; more volatile than FDI.
- DPIIT: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade — nodal agency for FDI policy in India.
- Automatic vs. Approval route: Most sectors under automatic route; sensitive sectors require government approval.
📊 C. FDI Data Snapshot
| Parameter | January 2026 | Trend |
|---|---|---|
| Gross FDI Inflows | ~$5.7 billion | ↓ 7% YoY; only 2/3rds of December 2025 |
| Repatriation/Disinvestment | ~$4.9 billion | ↑ 97.3% (nearly doubled) |
| Outward FDI (Indian firms) | ~$2.1 billion | ↑ 5.4% |
| Net FDI | ~ –$1.4 billion | Negative for 5th straight month |
| Top destination of outward FDI | US, Singapore, UK, UAE (75%) | — |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Structural concern: 5 months of negative net FDI signals a trend, not a blip — foreign investors are pulling out more than they’re putting in.
- High repatriation: Near-doubling of repatriation suggests foreign companies are booking profits and exiting India — possibly due to regulatory uncertainty, slowing growth, or better opportunities elsewhere.
- War impact: The West Asia crisis adds uncertainty that may further dampen FDI prospects in Q1 FY2026-27.
- FPI outflows: Portfolio investments also flowing out in March — compounding currency pressure on the Rupee.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Improve ease of doing business — reduce regulatory burden, fast-track dispute resolution, rationalize tax environment.
- Use bilateral investment treaties (BITs) to provide greater investor protection and predictability.
- Focus on quality FDI in manufacturing (PLI schemes) and green energy sectors.
- Address profit repatriation concerns through clearer dividend repatriation norms and tax certainty.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- Net FDI = Inflows − (Repatriation + Outward FDI)
- FDI control stake threshold: 10% or more
- Nodal agency for FDI: DPIIT
- Top sector for FDI equity inflows (Jan 2026): Manufacturing
Mains Question (10 marks):
“Declining net FDI into India for five consecutive months raises structural questions about India’s investment climate. Analyse the causes and suggest remedial measures.” (150 words)
“Declining net FDI into India for five consecutive months raises structural questions about India’s investment climate. Analyse the causes and suggest remedial measures.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following is NOT correct about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India?
Answer: (c) FDI in India is governed by FEMA and DPIIT guidelines — Rajya Sabha approval is NOT required for FDI proposals. Most sectors are under the automatic route.
Article 06
FCRA Amendment Bill 2026 — Regulating Foreign Contributions to NGOs
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- The Union government plans to amend the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 in the current Budget Session.
- Key proposals: appointment of a “designated authority” to manage assets of NGOs whose registration is suspended/cancelled; expanding the definition of “key functionary” to include trustees, partners, karta of HUF, etc.; reducing max imprisonment from 5 years to 1 year.
- About 16,000 associations are FCRA-registered and receive ~₹22,000 crore annually from foreign sources.
📚 B. Static Background
- FCRA, 2010: Regulates acceptance and utilization of foreign contributions by NGOs, associations, and individuals. Administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- FCRA Amendment, 2020: Prohibited sub-granting; required funds to be received only in a designated SBI New Delhi branch account; restricted admin expenses to 20% of foreign funds.
- Article 19(1)(c): Right to form associations — FCRA must balance this with national security.
- Prior permission category: Allows a one-time foreign contribution for a specific purpose without full FCRA registration.
- Any law enforcement agency or State government will now need prior Central approval to investigate FCRA complaints.
📊 C. Key Amendments — Comparison Table
| Provision | FCRA 2010 (Current) | Proposed 2026 Amendment |
|---|---|---|
| Asset management on suspension | No statutory provision | “Designated authority” to manage/dispose assets |
| Definition of “key functionary” | Office bearer / director only | Expanded to trustees, partners, karta of HUF, governing body members |
| Maximum imprisonment | 5 years | Reduced to 1 year |
| State investigation of FCRA cases | State agencies can investigate independently | Prior Central government approval required |
| Utilization timeline | Open-ended under prior permission | Fixed timelines proposed |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Positive: Asset management mechanism for suspended NGOs fills a genuine legal gap. Clearer accountability for key functionaries is welcome.
- Concern — Centralisation: Requiring prior Central approval for state investigations undermines federal structure and could be misused to shield politically connected NGOs from state scrutiny.
- Civil society chilling effect: Expanding the net of “key functionaries” who can be held liable may deter professionals from serving on NGO boards.
- Decriminalisation paradox: While reducing jail term (5 years → 1 year) is welcome from a civil liberties perspective, it reduces the deterrent effect against serious FCRA violations.
- Transparency concern: Over the years, FCRA cancellations have targeted human rights, environmental, and development NGOs disproportionately.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Establish an independent appellate mechanism for NGOs whose FCRA registration is suspended/cancelled.
- Ensure transparency in FCRA cancellations with published, reasoned orders.
- Preserve federal balance by not requiring Central clearance for all state-level FCRA investigations.
- Promote ease of compliance for smaller NGOs through simplified registration and reporting norms.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- FCRA administered by: Ministry of Home Affairs
- FCRA-registered NGOs: ~16,000; annual foreign receipts: ~₹22,000 crore
- 2020 amendment mandated FCRA accounts at SBI’s New Delhi Main Branch
- Admin expense cap under FCRA 2020: 20% of foreign funds
Mains Question (10 marks):
“The proposed FCRA amendments of 2026 attempt to balance national security with civil society freedom. Critically examine.” (150 words)
“The proposed FCRA amendments of 2026 attempt to balance national security with civil society freedom. Critically examine.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. With reference to the Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), consider the following statements:
1. FCRA is administered by the Ministry of Finance.
2. The 2020 amendment prohibited sub-granting of foreign funds by NGOs.
3. Administrative expenses under FCRA are capped at 20% of foreign contribution received.
1. FCRA is administered by the Ministry of Finance.
2. The 2020 amendment prohibited sub-granting of foreign funds by NGOs.
3. Administrative expenses under FCRA are capped at 20% of foreign contribution received.
Answer: (b) FCRA is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs, not Finance. Statements 2 and 3 are correct.
Article 07
Orange Economy — AI Skilling Initiative, MyWAVES & Creative Economy
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw unveiled three initiatives to boost India’s “orange economy” (creative economy): National AI Skilling Initiative with Google/YouTube through IICT; MyWAVES citizen creator platform on WAVES OTT; advanced Electronic Programme Guide for DD Free Dish.
- The National AI Skilling Initiative will train 15,000 youth free of cost in two phases (March–June 2026 and July–December 2026).
- The initiative aligns with the Union Budget 2026-27’s commitment to promoting the creative economy.
📚 B. Static Background
- Orange Economy: Also called the “creative economy” — industries where economic value is generated from creativity, culture, technology, and intellectual property. Term coined by John Howkins (2001); popularized by UNCTAD.
- WAVES OTT: Government’s OTT platform under the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting; promotes Indian content creators.
- IICT (Indian Institute of Creative Technologies): A new institution to train creative professionals in AI and media technology.
- DD Free Dish: India’s largest free DTH platform by PRASAR BHARATI; caters primarily to rural and low-income households.
- Gemini AI / Vertex AI: Google’s AI tools to be used in Phase II of the skilling programme.
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Digital divide risk: AI skilling initiatives must ensure rural, SC/ST, and female creators are not left out — a concern given digital access disparities.
- Platform dependency: Over-reliance on Google/YouTube infrastructure raises questions about data sovereignty and India’s own platform development.
- Monetization gap: Training creators is only the first step — sustainable income for small creators requires policy support on copyright, royalties, and content moderation.
- Regional language content: MyWAVES must actively promote regional language content to be truly inclusive and counter DD’s historically Hindi-centric programming.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Develop India’s own sovereign AI infrastructure (India AI Mission) alongside Google partnerships.
- Ensure skilling targets include women and marginalised communities — link with Skill India Mission.
- Create a robust intellectual property (IP) framework to protect and monetize creative works by Indian creators.
- Leverage WAVES OTT for promoting India’s soft power globally — aligning with the “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” cultural vision.
- Link to SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry & Innovation).
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- Orange Economy = Creative Economy (creativity + culture + technology + IP)
- WAVES OTT under: Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
- DD Free Dish operated by: Prasar Bharati
- AI Skilling Programme: 15,000 youth trained free
- Phase I: March–June 2026 (foundational); Phase II: July–Dec 2026 (advanced)
Mains Question (10 marks):
“India’s orange economy has immense potential but faces significant barriers of digital access and IP protection. Discuss.” (150 words)
“India’s orange economy has immense potential but faces significant barriers of digital access and IP protection. Discuss.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. The term “Orange Economy” refers to:
Answer: (c) The “Orange Economy” or creative economy generates value from creativity, culture, technology, and IP — popularized by UNCTAD and referenced in India’s Union Budget 2026-27.
Article 08
India–Russia Relations in a Multipolar World — Jaishankar’s Statement
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- Against the backdrop of the US–Iran war, EAM Jaishankar said the “evolving multipolar order” calls for greater cooperation between India and Russia, bilaterally and through BRICS, SCO, G-20, and the UN.
- Russian FM Lavrov noted that 96% of India-Russia trade is now in national currencies and said Russia is “looking forward” to hosting PM Modi for the annual India-Russia summit in 2026.
- Jaishankar described Russia as the “foremost partner” of India in civil nuclear energy, citing the Kudankulam nuclear project.
📚 B. Static Background
- “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”: Established between India and Russia in 2010; upgraded level of bilateral ties.
- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant: Located in Tamil Nadu; built with Russian VVER technology; India’s largest nuclear power station (capacity: 6,000 MW planned).
- India’s Strategic Autonomy: India’s foreign policy doctrine of maintaining independence from global power blocs while engaging with all; seen as a middle path between the US and Russia/China.
- BRICS (India’s Chairship 2026): India chairs BRICS in 2026 with theme “humanity first, people-centric approach.”
- SCO: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation — India is a full member since 2017.
- Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU): Russia-led trade bloc; India has expressed readiness for Free Trade Agreement with EaEU.
📊 C. India–Russia Cooperation — Key Areas
| Sector | Key Developments |
|---|---|
| Defence | S-400 missile system, BrahMos missiles, AK-203 rifles (Amethi); India’s largest defence supplier historically |
| Energy | Crude oil imports from Russia surged post-2022; Kudankulam nuclear project; fertilizer cooperation |
| Trade | 96% trade in national currencies (Rupee-Ruble); India targets $100 billion bilateral trade by 2030 |
| Nuclear | Russia is India’s foremost civil nuclear partner; VVER technology at Kudankulam |
| Multilateral | BRICS, SCO, G20 — platforms for coordination on global governance |
| Connectivity | Chennai-Vladivostok Maritime Route; North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Balancing act: India’s deepening ties with Russia are viewed with suspicion by the US and Western partners, especially given Russia’s role in Ukraine conflict.
- Secondary sanctions risk: US secondary sanctions could target Indian entities engaged with Russia in energy and defence — a growing concern.
- Trade imbalance: India’s imports from Russia (oil, arms) far exceed exports — creating an asymmetric trade relationship.
- Currency settlement challenges: While 96% trade is in national currencies, the Ruble pile-up problem (India unable to spend Rupee earnings in Russia due to lack of Russian goods to buy) remains unresolved.
- West Asia context: Russia’s anti-US framing of the Iran conflict aligns with India’s desire for peaceful resolution, but India must avoid being seen as a passive endorser of any bloc.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Resolve the Rupee-Ruble trade imbalance through third-country arrangements and expanding the list of Russian goods India can import.
- Use BRICS chairmanship 2026 to push for alternative payment systems that reduce dollar dependence.
- Pursue EaEU Free Trade Agreement to open new markets for Indian goods in Russia and Central Asia.
- Maintain strategic autonomy — engage Russia without foreclosing options with the US, EU, or Japan.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- India-Russia partnership designation: “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership”
- Kudankulam NPP uses: Russian VVER technology
- India’s BRICS Chairship theme 2026: “Humanity First, People-Centric”
- Share of India-Russia trade in national currencies: ~96%
- India joined SCO as full member in: 2017 (Astana Summit)
Mains Question (15 marks):
“India’s strategic partnership with Russia in an era of great power competition presents both opportunities and dilemmas. Critically examine India’s foreign policy approach.” (250 words)
“India’s strategic partnership with Russia in an era of great power competition presents both opportunities and dilemmas. Critically examine India’s foreign policy approach.” (250 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following best describes the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant?
1. It is located in Tamil Nadu.
2. It uses Russian VVER reactor technology.
3. India and Russia signed the agreement for it during Putin’s 2025 visit to India.
1. It is located in Tamil Nadu.
2. It uses Russian VVER reactor technology.
3. India and Russia signed the agreement for it during Putin’s 2025 visit to India.
Answer: (a) Kudankulam is in Tamil Nadu and uses VVER technology. The original agreement dates to 1988 (Soviet era) — not 2025. Statement 3 is incorrect.
Article 09
Superconductivity Breakthrough — New Temperature Record Broken After 33 Years
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- Scientists at the University of Houston have broken a 33-year-old record in superconductivity — raising the ambient pressure superconducting temperature by 18°C to –122°C using a copper oxide called Hg1223.
- The breakthrough used a new technique called “pressure quenching” (Pressure Quench Protocol — PQP) to preserve a high-pressure superconducting state after pressure is removed.
- Published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on March 9, 2026.
📚 B. Static Background
- Superconductivity: A phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity with zero resistance below a critical temperature (Tc).
- BCS Theory (1957): Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory explains conventional superconductivity through “Cooper pairs” of electrons.
- High-temperature superconductors (HTS): Materials that superconduct at relatively higher temperatures (still well below room temperature). Copper oxides (cuprates) are the most studied HTS materials.
- Previous record (1993): Hg1223 was the same material used — demonstrated superconductivity at –140°C.
- Diamond Anvil Cell: Laboratory device to subject small samples to extremely high pressures (billions of pascals) — key tool in superconductivity research.
- Applications if achieved at room temperature: Lossless power grids, faster MRI machines, efficient electric motors, maglev trains, cheaper renewable energy.
🔄 C. Pressure Quench Protocol — Flowchart
Load Hg1223 crystal in Diamond Anvil Cell
→
Compress to ~30 billion Pascals (GPa)
→
Cool to –269°C (near absolute zero)
→
Rapidly release pressure
→
Atoms “frozen” in high-pressure structure → Superconducts at –122°C at ambient pressure
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis
- Not yet room temperature: –122°C is still far from practical room-temperature (23°C) use; expensive cooling (liquid nitrogen boils at –196°C) is still needed.
- Stability limitations: Quenched phase was stable for only 3 days in liquid nitrogen; warm to room temperature partially reverses the effect.
- Reproducibility: The team achieved consistent results across 5 tests — critical in a field marred by controversy (Ranga Dias episode with fraudulent claims).
- Bulk superconductivity confirmed: ~78% of the material volume was superconducting — not filamentary — which is crucial for practical use.
- The method, not the material, is the breakthrough: Pressure quenching could be applied to other candidate materials to unlock new superconducting states.
✅ E. Way Forward & Significance
- Apply pressure quenching to other high-temperature superconductor candidates to potentially achieve room-pressure superconductivity in more stable materials.
- Invest in India’s condensed matter physics research through ANRF (Anusandhan National Research Foundation) and CSIR labs.
- Room-temperature, ambient-pressure superconductors could revolutionize the energy grid — eliminating transmission losses (~6-8% globally).
- Implications for maglev transport, quantum computing, and nuclear fusion reactors.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- Superconductivity: Zero electrical resistance below critical temperature (Tc)
- New record material: Hg1223 (mercury copper oxide/cuprate)
- New superconducting temperature at ambient pressure: –122°C
- Technique used: Pressure Quench Protocol (PQP)
- Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Lead researcher: Ching-Wu Chu, University of Houston (US National Medal of Science, 1994)
- “Woodstock of physics” refers to: 1987 APS session on HTS
Mains Question (10 marks):
“Recent advances in high-temperature superconductivity have the potential to transform energy, transport, and healthcare. Discuss the current state of superconductivity research and its potential applications.” (150 words)
“Recent advances in high-temperature superconductivity have the potential to transform energy, transport, and healthcare. Discuss the current state of superconductivity research and its potential applications.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which of the following statements about superconductivity is/are correct?
1. Superconductors conduct electricity with zero resistance below a critical temperature.
2. High-temperature superconductors (HTS) can function at room temperature under normal atmospheric pressure.
3. The BCS theory explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons.
1. Superconductors conduct electricity with zero resistance below a critical temperature.
2. High-temperature superconductors (HTS) can function at room temperature under normal atmospheric pressure.
3. The BCS theory explains superconductivity through the formation of Cooper pairs of electrons.
Answer: (b) HTS materials do NOT function at room temperature and ambient pressure yet — the current record is –122°C. Statement 2 is incorrect.
Article 10
West Bengal Assembly Elections 2026 — Key Themes: SIR Controversy, TMC vs BJP, and Electoral Integrity
🔹 A. Issue in Brief
- West Bengal Assembly polls are scheduled in two phases — April 23 and April 29; counting on May 4.
- Key controversy: Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls — West Bengal’s final voter list published on Feb 28 saw the electorate shrink from 7.66 crore to 7.04 crore, with 62+ lakh names deleted and 60 lakh still under adjudication.
- It is a predominantly two-party contest between the ruling TMC (3 terms in power; replaced 74 sitting MLAs) and the BJP; Left and Congress are marginal players.
📚 B. Static Background
- Election Commission of India (ECI): Constitutional body under Articles 324–329; responsible for superintendence, direction, and control of elections.
- Article 326: Elections on the basis of adult suffrage — every citizen above 18 has the right to vote.
- Special Intensive Revision (SIR): A targeted revision of electoral rolls to verify voter details — legitimate tool but contentious in practice.
- Representation of the People Act, 1950 & 1951: Govern elections and electoral rolls in India.
- Model Code of Conduct (MCC): Comes into force from the announcement of election schedule; restricts government actions.
📊 C. West Bengal 2026 — Key Political Facts
| Parameter | TMC | BJP | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 result | 215 seats (48.02% vote share) | 77 seats (38% vote share) | Left/Congress marginal |
| Key leaders | Mamata Banerjee (CM), Abhishek Banerjee | Suvendu Adhikari (LoP) | Gaurav Gogoi (Assam Congress) |
| Key issues | Anti-incumbency, SIR controversy used to rally voters | Saradha chit fund, rape case (RG Kar), voter list trimming | — |
| Voter list | Final: 6.46 crore; 60 lakh under adjudication | — | — |
| Special feature | Replaced 74 sitting MLAs to counter anti-incumbency | “CongBJP” label for defectors | BGPM in Darjeeling (TMC ally) |
⚠️ D. Critical Analysis — Electoral Integrity Concerns
- SIR controversy: Deleting 62+ lakh voters before an election raises serious concerns about disenfranchisement — a fundamental right under Article 326.
- Adjudication backlog: ~60 lakh cases unresolved during active campaigning creates unprecedented electoral uncertainty.
- ECI independence: The conduct of SIR during election preparation raises questions about the Election Commission’s autonomy and impartiality.
- Minority forces: AIMIM’s alliance with Humayun Kabir’s AJUP could fragment minority votes — potentially affecting outcomes in close constituencies.
- Cultural identity politics: BJP’s struggle to prove “Bengali identity” (fish-eating campaign) shows how cultural identity remains a powerful electoral factor.
✅ E. Way Forward
- Strengthen ECI’s institutional independence through statutory backing (as per SC’s directions on appointment of Election Commissioners).
- Ensure transparent, rule-based SIR processes with adequate public notice, appeal mechanisms, and time before elections.
- Promote voter education and enrolment drives, particularly for marginalised communities, migrants, and first-time voters.
- Digitize and link Aadhaar with voter IDs carefully to minimize fraud without disenfranchising legitimate voters.
📝 F. Exam Orientation
Prelims Pointers:
- ECI’s constitutional basis: Article 324
- Right to vote — Article 326 (adult suffrage)
- West Bengal polls: Phase 1 — April 23, Phase 2 — April 29; Counting — May 4
- TMC won 2021 with: 215 seats, 48.02% vote share
- BJP won 2021 with: 77 seats, 38% vote share
Mains Question (10 marks):
“The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in West Bengal has raised questions about electoral integrity and the right to vote. Critically examine the role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections.” (150 words)
“The Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls in West Bengal has raised questions about electoral integrity and the right to vote. Critically examine the role of the Election Commission in ensuring free and fair elections.” (150 words)
🎯 Probable UPSC Prelims MCQ
Q. Which Article of the Constitution provides for elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies on the basis of adult suffrage?
Answer: (c) Article 326 provides for elections on the basis of adult suffrage. Article 324 establishes the Election Commission; Article 325 provides for a common electoral roll; Article 329 bars courts from interfering in elections.
❓ FAQs — UPSC Civil Services Preparation (SEO Optimised)
The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway between Iran and Oman connecting the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. Approximately 20% of global oil trade passes through it daily. India imports ~85% of its crude oil and around 90% of its LPG was sourced from West Asia before the current crisis — making Hormuz a critical chokepoint for India’s energy security. Any blockade directly affects India’s inflation, rupee value, and industrial output.
The Women’s Reservation Act 2023 (Constitution 106th Amendment Act) mandates 33% reservation for women in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. It covers only the Lok Sabha and State assemblies — NOT the Rajya Sabha. Implementation requires delimitation of constituencies based on a Census. Originally linked to the 2021 Census (delayed by COVID), the Centre now proposes using the 2011 Census data to advance implementation to 2029. The Lok Sabha strength would increase from 543 to 816, with 273 seats reserved for women.
India’s National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP) is the government’s flagship initiative to eliminate tuberculosis. India has set a target to eliminate TB by 2027 (revised from the original 2025 target, set ahead of the global SDG target of 2030). Key components include free diagnostics and treatment, Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana (₹1,000/month nutritional support), the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, AI-enabled screening using portable chest X-rays, and molecular diagnostics like CBNAAT and Truenat. India has the highest TB burden globally — over 25 lakh new cases diagnosed annually.
The Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) measures the monthly output of eight key infrastructure sectors in India. These eight sectors are: Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement, and Electricity. Together, they carry a weight of 40.27% in India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP), making them a key barometer of economic health. The ICI is released monthly by the Office of the Economic Adviser (Ministry of Commerce and Industry).
The Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act (FCRA), 2010 regulates the acceptance and use of foreign funds by NGOs and associations in India. It is administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The proposed 2026 amendments include: (1) appointing a “designated authority” to manage assets of NGOs whose registration is cancelled/suspended; (2) expanding the definition of “key functionary” to include trustees, partners, karta of HUF, and governing body members; (3) reducing maximum imprisonment from 5 years to 1 year; and (4) requiring prior Central government approval for state agencies to investigate FCRA complaints. About 16,000 NGOs are FCRA-registered and receive ~₹22,000 crore annually.
The “orange economy” or “creative economy” refers to industries where economic value is primarily derived from creativity, culture, technology, and intellectual property. It includes music, film, design, publishing, software, gaming, fashion, and digital content creation. The term was popularized by John Howkins (2001) and UNCTAD. For UPSC, it is relevant under GS-III (economy) and GS-II (governance) — especially India’s initiatives like WAVES OTT, MyWAVES citizen creator platform, and AI skilling through IICT. The Union Budget 2026-27 committed to promoting the orange economy. It connects to topics like IPR (intellectual property rights), Skill India, Digital India, and India’s soft power strategy.
Superconductivity is a physical phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity with absolutely zero electrical resistance below a characteristic critical temperature (Tc). In 2026, scientists at the University of Houston broke a 33-year-old record — raising the ambient-pressure superconducting temperature from –140°C to –122°C using a copper oxide (Hg1223) and a new technique called “Pressure Quench Protocol (PQP).” The quenched phase preserved the material’s high-pressure superconducting structure even after pressure was removed. For UPSC, the key applications to note are: lossless power grids, faster MRI machines, efficient electric motors, maglev trains, and cheaper renewable energy infrastructure.
India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency crude oil stockpile maintained underground to cushion against supply disruptions. India currently maintains 5.3 million tonnes of SPR and is working to increase this to 6.5 million tonnes. The three existing SPR locations are: Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Mangaluru (Karnataka), and Padur (Karnataka). These are operated by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL) under the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. The IEA’s standard is 90 days of net oil import reserves. India is an association country (not full member) of the IEA.
The RATIONS (Reducing Activation of Tuberculosis by Improvement of Nutritional Status) trial was conducted in Jharkhand with ICMR support. It was the first randomised trial of a food-based intervention to reduce TB. Key finding: providing a monthly food basket (cereals, pulses, milk powder, oil) to TB-affected families reduced new TB cases by ~50%. Even a 5% weight gain in the first two months of TB treatment reduced the risk of death by over 60%. The WHO has incorporated RATIONS trial evidence in its new global TB nutrition guidelines. For UPSC, this is significant for: nutrition policy, TB elimination, NTEP, DBT schemes (Ni-Kshay Poshan Yojana), and India’s contribution to global public health evidence.
