Editorials & Explained — 30 October 2026
Open to Probe: Privacy Law Must Not Shield Public Functionaries From Scrutiny
The Digital News Publishers Association (DNPA) has challenged the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 and its Rules before the Supreme Court, which has issued notice. The editorial argues that the absence of a journalism exemption, together with the dilution of the RTI Act’s public-interest override, risks a chilling effect on investigative reporting into public officials.
- Press freedom: not separately named but read into Article 19(1)(a) — Romesh Thappar (1950), Sakal Papers (1962), Bennett Coleman (1972), Indian Express Newspapers (1985).
- Privacy: a fundamental right under Article 21 (K.S. Puttaswamy, 2017), subject to proportionate limits.
- Privacy vs press: in R. Rajagopal v State of Tamil Nadu (1994), the Supreme Court held that public officials cannot invoke privacy to prevent publication about their conduct in the discharge of official duties, and that matters in public records are open to comment.
- RTI Act, 2005 — Section 8(1)(j): originally exempted personal information unless a larger public interest justified disclosure, and provided that information that cannot be denied to Parliament cannot be denied to a citizen.
- DPDP Act key terms: a data fiduciary decides why and how personal data are processed and must give notice, obtain consent (or rely on a “legitimate use”) and honour rights such as erasure; the data principal is the individual concerned.
- The missing exemption: drafts in 2018, 2019 and 2021 exempted journalistic processing; the 2023 Act does not, although it exempts processing for research and statistical purposes. Reporters could be treated as data fiduciaries obliged to notify, and seek consent from, those they investigate.
- Disproportionate penalties: fines of up to ₹250 crore pose an existential risk to small and independent newsrooms.
- The RTI amendment: removing the public-interest test limits access to records such as asset declarations and tender documents, on which corruption investigations depend.
- Who is a journalist? With 39% of 18–24-year-olds citing social media as their main news source in 2025 (up from 21% in 2015, per a Reuters Institute report), drawing legal categories is difficult.
- Way out: a consensus framework in which public functionaries and handlers of public funds cannot use privacy to avoid scrutiny; the Government’s offer to meet editors is welcomed.
- The State’s view: the Government says the Act does not intend to curb journalism and that constitutional protection already applies; it has indicated willingness to amend the law if needed.
- Privacy concerns are real too: media practices such as publishing private details of individuals, or doxxing, can cause harm; any exemption needs clear limits — for example, a public-interest test — rather than a blanket carve-out.
- Judicial balancing on RTI: the Supreme Court has treated some personal information of public servants as exempt (Girish Deshpande, 2012) while requiring case-by-case balancing (CPIO, Supreme Court v Subhash Chandra Agarwal, 2019) — the public-interest test was the tool for that balance.
- Comparative practice: the EU’s GDPR (Article 85) requires member states to reconcile data protection with journalistic, academic and artistic expression.
“The protection of personal information must not become a shield against public scrutiny.” Discuss with reference to the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, its amendment to the RTI Act, and the absence of a journalism exemption. 15 marks · 250 words
A Security Deal, Not a Territorial One: The U.S.–Denmark–Greenland Agreement and the New Arctic Contest
An agreement signed on 22 September 2026 by the United States, Denmark and Greenland expands the American military presence in Greenland while reaffirming Danish sovereignty and Greenlanders’ right to self-determination. The author argues it ends a diplomatic stand-off over U.S. interest in acquiring the island, but marks the start — not the end — of a deeper contest over the Arctic.
- Geography: the world’s largest island, mostly covered by an ice sheet; population of about 56,000, largely Inuit; capital Nuuk. Geographically part of North America, politically linked to Europe.
- Status: an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark. Home Rule (1979) was expanded by the Self-Government Act, 2009, which recognises Greenlanders as a people with the right to self-determination and sets a route to independence; foreign, defence and security policy remain with Denmark.
- EU: Greenland left the European Community in 1985 but remains associated as an overseas territory.
- U.S. presence: under a 1951 defence agreement, the U.S. operates the Pituffik Space Base (formerly Thule Air Base) for missile warning and space surveillance. The U.S. offered to buy Greenland in 1946; it bought the Danish West Indies in 1917.
- Alliances: Denmark is a founding member of NATO (1949).
- Signed: 22 September 2026 at the United Nations; enters into force after parliamentary procedures in Denmark and Greenland.
- Military access: expansion of Pituffik Space Base; possible new U.S. defence facilities at Narsarsuaq (south) and Mestersvig (east); wider access for U.S. aircraft and ships.
- Missile defence: cooperation linked to the proposed U.S. “Golden Dome” missile-defence system.
- Investment screening: restrictions on investment in sensitive sectors from countries outside NATO, NATO partners and the EU.
- Sovereignty: reaffirms Danish sovereignty and Greenland’s self-determination; no expiry date, and some provisions would survive even if Greenland became independent.
- Security, not territory: the U.S. has moved away from seeking to acquire Greenland and has instead secured expanded military access.
- Denmark’s balancing act: protecting sovereignty while avoiding prolonged confrontation with its main ally.
- Unresolved sovereignty questions: extensive foreign military access and investment restrictions sit uneasily with self-determination, especially as some provisions outlive a possible independence.
- A transformed Arctic: no longer only about climate science, but about missile defence, minerals, shipping routes and space security — and competition can strain relations even among allies.
- Arctic Council (1996, Ottawa Declaration): eight member states — Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, United States — with Indigenous organisations as permanent participants; India has been an observer since 2013.
- India’s Arctic Policy (2022): six pillars, including science and research, climate and environmental protection, economic and human development, connectivity, governance and international cooperation, and national capacity building.
- Presence: research station Himadri at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (since 2008); India is a party to the Svalbard Treaty (1920).
- Why it matters to India: Arctic warming — several times faster than the global average — affects the Indian monsoon and sea levels; new routes and critical minerals have trade and strategic implications.
- A pragmatic outcome: supporters see the deal as defusing an alliance crisis while strengthening North Atlantic defence against Russian activity.
- Self-determination concerns: Greenlandic voices emphasise that decisions on land, resources and defence should reflect their consent; parliamentary approval in Nuuk will test this.
- Securitisation of economics: investment screening may deter non-Western capital but also narrows Greenland’s economic options as it seeks financial autonomy from Denmark.
- Wider lesson: as with other strategic territories, the line between security partnership and dependence depends on transparency, consent and reciprocal benefits.
The Arctic is shifting from a zone of scientific cooperation to one of strategic competition. Examine this transformation with reference to Greenland, and discuss its implications for India’s Arctic Policy. 15 marks · 250 words


