Context:
The Economic Survey has pointed to flaws and inequities in the global climate action regime and suggested alternative pathways that incorporate lifestyle and behavioural changes. It also argued that adaptation should get at least as much importance as mitigation.
Relevance:
GS III: Environment and Ecology
Dimensions of the Article:
- Difference Between Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptatio
- Economic Survey 2023-24 on Climate Change
- Alternative Approaches Focusing on Climate Change Adaptation
Difference Between Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
Climate Change Mitigation:
- Definition: Involves actions aimed at reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to slow down global warming.
- Objective: To limit the extent of climate change and avoid the severe impacts of higher temperatures.
- Examples of Actions:
- Transitioning to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, etc.).
- Improving energy efficiency in buildings and transportation.
- Reforestation and afforestation to absorb CO₂.
- Implementing policies and technologies to reduce industrial emissions.
Climate Change Adaptation:
- Definition: Involves modifying human behavior, systems, and infrastructure to better cope with the impacts of climate change that are already occurring or anticipated.
- Objective: To minimize the damage from climate change and improve resilience to its effects.
- Examples of Actions:
- Developing flood defenses and improved drainage systems.
- Altering agricultural practices to withstand changing weather patterns.
- Constructing buildings and infrastructure to withstand extreme weather events.
- Enhancing water conservation and management practices.
Interrelationship:
- Effective climate adaptation depends on the extent of climate change mitigation. Lower emissions mean less severe impacts and easier adaptation.
- Mitigation actions will take time to show effects, so immediate adaptation is necessary to address current and near-term impacts.
Economic Survey 2023-24 on Climate Change
Key Points:
- International Targets: Historical failure to meet international climate targets (e.g., 1.5°C and 2°C goals) has shifted focus and resources away from immediate development needs.
- Developing Nations: Excessive pressure on developing nations to meet stringent targets has diverted attention from improving living conditions and has not necessarily led to effective climate action.
- Adaptation vs. Mitigation:
- Adaptation Focus: Given the near certainty of exceeding the 1.5°C target, emphasis should be on adaptation and improving resilience.
- Mitigation by Developed Nations: The argument suggests that developed countries, historically responsible for higher emissions, should lead in mitigation, while developing nations focus on adaptation.
- Criticism of International Frameworks:
- Developed countries have not met their emission reduction targets or financial commitments.
- International agreements like the Paris Agreement are seen as inadequate compared to the more equitable Kyoto Protocol.
- There is criticism that climate action is often more about preserving the existing global order rather than effectively addressing climate change.
Alternative Approaches Focusing on Climate Change Adaptation
Building Climate Resilient Infrastructure:
- Example: The Central Vista project in India aims to improve infrastructure resilience against climate impacts.
Climate Proofing:
- Definition: Reducing GHG emissions associated with investments while increasing their resilience to climate impacts.
- Example: Elements of climate proofing are incorporated into India’s Smart City mission, focusing on sustainable urban development.
Lifestyle and Behavioral Changes:
- Example: India’s Mission Life promotes conscious consumption to benefit both the environment and individual well-being.
-Source: Indian Express
