Daily Static Quiz Prelims Practice 2027
- Paris Agreement
- Kyoto Protocol
- UNFCCC
- Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol
The correct sequence is UNFCCC (1992) → Kyoto Protocol (1997) → Doha Amendment (2012) → Paris Agreement (2015); the Doha Amendment set the Kyoto Protocol’s second commitment period (2013–2020), so it comes before Paris. Option (b) places the Kyoto Protocol before its parent Convention, option (d) places the Doha Amendment before the very Protocol it amends, and option (c) reverses the last two.
The Green Climate Fund was set up at COP16, Cancún (2010) as an operating entity of the UNFCCC Financial Mechanism and is headquartered at Songdo, Incheon. Bonn hosts the UNFCCC Secretariat, Nairobi hosts UNEP, and Washington D.C. hosts the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
- It aims to hold the rise in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C.
- Submission of Nationally Determined Contributions is mandatory for developed countries, while developing countries are not obliged to submit them.
- Article 6 provides for voluntary cooperation among Parties, including market-based approaches such as internationally transferred mitigation outcomes.
- Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, which set binding targets for developed countries, it covers all Parties through NDCs.
Statement 1 is correct — this is the temperature goal of Article 2. Statement 2 is incorrect — all Parties, developed and developing, must prepare, communicate and maintain NDCs; differentiation lies in how they act, not in whether they submit. Statement 3 is correct — Article 6.2 covers cooperative approaches (ITMOs) and Article 6.4 creates a UN-supervised crediting mechanism that succeeds the CDM. Statement 4 is correct — the Paris Agreement is a bottom-up framework replacing Kyoto’s Annex-based, top-down targets.
- Assertion (A): Under the Kyoto Protocol, legally binding emission reduction targets applied only to developed (Annex I) countries.
- Reason (R): The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities was introduced for the first time by the Paris Agreement in 2015.
A is correct — Kyoto bound only Annex I Parties (developed countries and economies in transition), so India and China had no binding targets. R is incorrect — CBDR-RC already appeared in Article 3 of the UNFCCC (1992) and in Principle 7 of the Rio Declaration, and Paris only reworded it as “in the light of different national circumstances”. The idea itself is not new, and its year of origin is exactly what such questions test.
- Panchamrit — announced by India at COP26 (Glasgow)
- Agreement in principle on a Loss and Damage fund — COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh)
- Conclusion of the first Global Stocktake — COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh)
- New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance — COP29 (Baku)
Pair 1 is correct — Panchamrit, announced at COP26, includes 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030 and net zero by 2070. Pair 2 is correct — the Loss and Damage fund was agreed at COP27 (2022) and operationalised at COP28, Dubai (2023). Pair 3 is incorrect — the first Global Stocktake concluded at COP28, Dubai. Pair 4 is correct — COP29 set the NCQG at USD 300 billion a year by 2035.
