Daily Static Quiz Prelims Practice 2027
Fundamental Duties are listed under Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment (1976) on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. Originally 10 duties were listed, and an 11th was added by the 86th Amendment (2002).
- The Directive Principles of State Policy are non-justiciable — they cannot be enforced through any court of law.
- The Directive Principles were borrowed from the Irish Constitution of 1937.
Statement 1 is correct — Article 37 explicitly states that DPSPs "shall not be enforceable by any court," making them non-justiciable and fundamentally distinguishing them from Fundamental Rights. Statement 2 is also correct, since the DPSPs were inspired by the Irish Constitution of 1937, reflecting a welfare state philosophy obligating the state to secure social and economic justice.
Option (b) is incorrect — Fundamental Duties are non-justiciable, functioning as moral obligations on citizens that cannot be directly enforced through courts, and no specific legal penalties are attached to their violation under Article 51A itself. Option (a) is correct, since Fundamental Duties apply only to citizens, not foreigners. Options (c) and (d) are both genuine Fundamental Duties listed under Article 51A.
- Assertion (A): Article 44 — the Uniform Civil Code — remains one of the most debated and unimplemented Directive Principles in the Indian Constitution.
- Reason (R): Implementation of a Uniform Civil Code requires replacing diverse personal laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption across religious communities — making it politically and socially sensitive and touching upon minority rights and religious freedom under Articles 25–28.
Assertion A is correct — Article 44 directs the State to secure a Uniform Civil Code, and it has never been implemented at the national level, remaining deeply contested. Reason R is correct and directly explains A, since a UCC would involve replacing the personal laws of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Parsis, and other communities, which perceive this as affecting their religious identity and minority rights under Articles 25–28 — this sensitivity is precisely why Article 44 remains unimplemented.
- Equal pay for equal work — Article 39(d)
- Separation of judiciary from executive — Article 50
- Free legal aid and equal justice — Article 44
- Organisation of village panchayats — Article 40
Pair 1 is correct — Article 39(d) provides for equal pay for equal work for men and women. Pair 2 is correct — Article 50 provides for separation of judiciary from executive in public services. Pair 3 is incorrect, since free legal aid is under Article 39A, not Article 44, with Article 44 instead covering the Uniform Civil Code. Pair 4 is correct — Article 40 provides for the organisation of village panchayats, a Gandhian DPSP.
