The Hindu — UPSC Analysis
Thursday, 12 November 2026
Delhi City Edition · Vol. 16, No. 267 · Curated for Prelims & Mains | GS I · II · III · IV
📋 Today's Topics
- Milking power: ordinance overturns Gokul Dairy mandateGS2
- Karnataka moves SC against quashing of SC/ST quota hikeGS2
- How the algorithm is being targeted: blocking orders and the Sahyog portalGS2
- Ladakh bars protests ahead of polls; terror attack in KulgamGS2 · GS3
- Union government simplifies the visa regimeGS2 · GS3
- Tamil Nadu's growing industrial water challengeGS3
- Turning battery waste into strategic mineral wealthGS3
- Reset the tax on transfer of propertyGS3 · GS2
- Across India, 70% of stations reported 'severe' PM2.5 on DeepavaliGS3
- Cabinet clears ₹3,230-crore Yuge Yugeen Bharat MuseumGS1
- Why has the ANC suffered its worst electoral result?GS2
- Gravitational-wave astronomy enters its statistical eraGS3
- Quick Prelims Revision (MCQ Bank)Prelims
- FAQsRevision
Milking power: ordinance overturns Gokul Dairy mandate
Context
The editorial "Milking power" criticises the Maharashtra government for using an ordinance to change the Maharashtra Cooperative Societies Act. The change let its nominated directors decide control of Gokul Dairy, after a Congress-backed panel had won the board election.
Background & Key Facts
- The cooperative: The Kolhapur District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union (Gokul Dairy) has an annual turnover of about ₹4,000 crore and is linked to several lakh milk producers.
- Election: A Congress-backed panel led by Satej Patil won 13 of 25 elected seats. On October 29, the chairman's election was deadlocked when BJP-allied members stayed away and quorum (14) was not met.
- Ordinance: It was approved on November 4 and promulgated on November 6. It lets the government nominate five directors to large cooperatives, four with voting rights. The 13-12 mandate thus became 16-13, and NCP's Rajesh Patil was elected chairman on November 10.
- Courts: The Bombay High Court declined to stop the nominated directors from voting.
- Government's view: CM Devendra Fadnavis said he supports the institution and the rule of law, and that the government tried to find a consensus before sending nominees.
Critical Analysis
Democratic autonomy of cooperatives: Article 43B asks States to promote the democratic control of cooperatives. Changing voting strength after an election undermines that principle.
Use of ordinances: Ordinances are meant for urgent situations. Using one to decide a specific institutional contest raises questions of colourable exercise of power.
Editorial's framing: Its references to a "nationwide outcry over electoral malpractices" and a pattern of state power are its own political judgments. The government says it acted within the law.
Way Forward
- Limit government nominees in cooperatives to non-voting or expert roles.
- Ensure judicial review of ordinances that affect elected bodies.
- Strengthen State Cooperative Election Authorities.
Exam Relevance
"Cooperatives are meant to be democratic, member-controlled institutions." Examine the challenges to their autonomy in India. (GS2, 10 marks, 150 words)
The right to form cooperative societies was made a fundamental right by the 97th Amendment under:
(a) Article 19(1)(c) (b) Article 21 (c) Article 43B (d) Article 243ZH
Karnataka moves SC against quashing of SC/ST quota hike
Context
Karnataka has filed a Special Leave Petition in the Supreme Court against the High Court ruling that struck down the increase in SC reservation from 15% to 17% and ST reservation from 3% to 7%.
Background & Key Facts
- HC ruling: On October 12, the High Court held the increase "constitutionally impermissible", as it took total reservation to 56%, breaching the 50% cap set in 1992. Sections 3 and 4 of the 2022 Act were struck down.
- Basis: The increase followed recommendations of a commission headed by retired judge H.N. Nagamohan Das.
- Current matrix: 15% SC, 3% ST and 32% OBC, totalling 50%.
- Ninth Schedule: The State wants the law placed in the Ninth Schedule, and passed a legislative resolution on December 18, 2025 urging the Centre to do so.
Critical Analysis
The 50% cap: Indra Sawhney allows exceeding 50% only in "extraordinary situations". In the Maratha case (2021), the Court refused to relax it.
EWS exception: In Janhit Abhiyan (2022), the Court upheld 10% EWS reservation beyond 50%, which States cite to argue the cap is not rigid.
Ninth Schedule is not a shield: After I.R. Coelho (2007), laws added after April 24, 1973 can be reviewed if they violate the basic structure.
Way Forward
- Base any increase on quantifiable data on backwardness and representation.
- Let a larger bench settle the status of the 50% ceiling.
- Use caste census data to support policy.
Exam Relevance
Is the 50% ceiling on reservation still relevant? Discuss with reference to recent State laws and judgments. (GS2, 15 marks, 250 words)
In I.R. Coelho (2007), the Supreme Court held that laws placed in the Ninth Schedule after which date can be reviewed on the basis of basic structure?
(a) January 26, 1950 (b) June 25, 1975 (c) April 24, 1973 (d) November 7, 1992
How the algorithm is being targeted: blocking orders and the Sahyog portal
Context
In an op-ed, Raviesha Pradeep, spokesperson for the Cockroach Janta Party (CJP), argues that government takedown orders are rising and that algorithms are also being targeted. Readers should note the author speaks for a political party involved in recent protests.
Background & Key Facts
- Scale of orders: Between March and July, agencies sent nearly 1.95 lakh blocking orders to Instagram, Facebook and YouTube, one every 68 seconds. Instagram alone received close to one lakh.
- Sahyog portal: It lets Ministries, States and police send takedowns directly to platforms. Since February, platforms have had three hours to comply. X is challenging the portal in the Supreme Court, after the Karnataka High Court upheld it in September 2025.
- Algorithms: On October 10, MeitY asked Meta to review recommendation systems so they do not cause "disproportionate exposure… to a single or limited set of narratives".
- Cases cited: Journalist Ila Kazmi's reel on police facial recognition was blocked, and the Delhi High Court asked for the orders. Four reporters' accounts were restored after legal notices.
Critical Analysis
Due process: In Shreya Singhal (2015), the Court upheld Section 69A blocking because it had safeguards: written reasons, a hearing and review. Orders without named authorities fall short of this.
Government's case: The author concedes that platforms are used for real harm, such as fraud and incitement, which needs quick takedowns.
Algorithmic opacity: Down-ranking cannot be challenged like a block, raising new questions of transparency.
Way Forward
- Publish blocking orders with issuer, date and grounds.
- Give users notice and a chance to appeal.
- Set transparency standards for recommendation algorithms.
Exam Relevance
Balancing online safety with free speech is a key challenge for digital governance. Discuss with reference to India's content-blocking framework. (GS2, 15 marks, 250 words)
In Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015), the Supreme Court struck down which provision?
(a) Section 69A of the IT Act (b) Section 79 of the IT Act (c) Section 124A of the IPC (d) Section 66A of the IT Act
Ladakh bars protests ahead of polls; terror attack in Kulgam
Context
Ladakh's Chief Electoral Officer banned protests within Leh and Kargil municipal limits ahead of local elections. Separately, three CRPF personnel were injured in a terrorist attack in Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir.
Background & Key Facts
- Ladakh order: Citing the Model Code of Conduct, it bars dharnas, rallies and sit-ins until the municipal polls end. Elections run from November 21 to December 4.
- Reaction: Civil society groups threaten to resume agitations, seeking renewed talks with the Centre and postponement of hill council polls.
- Kulgam attack: Terrorists fired at close range on a CRPF checkpoint on the day L-G Manoj Sinha was scheduled to visit the district. One jawan is critical. The L-G said security forces have a "free hand".
Critical Analysis
MCC vs right to protest: The MCC aims to prevent voter intimidation, but a blanket ban on peaceful protest must meet the test of reasonable restriction under Article 19(2) and 19(3).
Trust in Ladakh: Banning protests while talks are stalled may increase alienation.
Security in J&K: Close-range attacks on checkpoints show that militancy, though weaker, still poses risks.
Way Forward
- Allow designated protest sites with reasonable conditions.
- Resume dialogue with Ladakh's civil society groups.
- Strengthen intelligence and checkpoint protocols in south Kashmir.
Exam Relevance
The Model Code of Conduct has no statutory backing, yet it is widely enforced. Examine its legal status and limits. (GS2, 10 marks, 150 words)
Which of the following is true of the Model Code of Conduct?
(a) It is part of the RP Act, 1951 (b) It is a consensus-based code without statutory backing (c) It is enforced by the Supreme Court (d) It applies only to Lok Sabha polls
Union government simplifies the visa regime
Context
The Ministry of Home Affairs reduced main visa categories from 13 to nine and cut the fields in application forms by up to 70%.
Background & Key Facts
- Two rounds: In October 2025, categories were cut from 22 to 13 and sub-categories from 63 to 49. On August 27, 2026, they were further reduced to nine and 23.
- Visitor Visa: The Tourist Visa is renamed Visitor Visa. V-1 is for 30 days with multiple entries, covering business meetings, medical consultations and short courses. V-2 is valid for one, five or 10 years.
- Experts: A Production Investment Business Visa covers foreign technical specialists for installation, maintenance, IT, training and know-how transfer.
- Medical: M-1 covers conventional treatment and M-3 covers AYUSH treatment, with one-year multiple entry by default. E-visas are available to nationals of 172 countries.
Critical Analysis
Ease of travel: Simpler forms and clear categories can boost tourism, medical travel and investment.
Manufacturing support: Quick visas for technicians help factories, especially in electronics and semiconductors, where foreign expertise is needed at start-up.
Security balance: Fewer details must not weaken screening, so backend checks need to remain strong.
Way Forward
- Upgrade IT systems for smooth rollout by year-end.
- Expand e-visa coverage and processing capacity.
- Promote medical and AYUSH tourism alongside these changes.
Exam Relevance
How can visa reform support India's goals in tourism, medical value travel and manufacturing? (GS3, 10 marks, 150 words)
Under the new regime, which visa covers treatment under AYUSH systems?
(a) M-1 (b) M-2 (c) V-2 (d) M-3
Tamil Nadu's growing industrial water challenge
Context
Rida Wanbha Nongbri and Yukesh Saravanan (MIDS) argue that weak water security could undermine Tamil Nadu's appeal as an investment destination.
Background & Key Facts
- Investment record: NITI Aayog's Investment Friendliness Index (July 2026) ranks Tamil Nadu third, after Gujarat and Maharashtra, and flags inadequate industrial water. FDI peaked at $3.681 billion in 2024-25.
- Limited water: With 960 mm average rainfall, the State has only 3% of India's water resources. Surface water potential is 853 TMC.
- Groundwater: Extraction is about 73.5% of the extractable resource, but Salem, Vellore and Chennai are over-exploited, and Krishnagiri and Coimbatore are critical.
- Demand: Industrial water demand is projected to rise from 1,555 MCM (2001) to 1,985 MCM by 2050.
- Governance: The water budget was cut 8.06% to ₹9,264 crore. The Groundwater Act was repealed in 2013, and a new Water Resources Bill, 2026 awaits the Governor's assent.
Critical Analysis
Pollution and water stress: 28 industries got closure orders under the Water Act, 1974 in June 2026 alone.
ZLD's limits: Zero liquid discharge recovers up to 90% of water, as seen in Tiruppur, but is costly for small units.
Pricing: The authors propose pricing industrial water by local availability as an investment in security, not a penalty.
Way Forward
- Link water planning with investment planning.
- Use green energy to make desalination, ZLD and sewage reuse cheaper.
- Enact a comprehensive groundwater law quickly.
Exam Relevance
"Water must be treated as infrastructure, not an unlimited resource." Discuss in the context of industrial growth in water-stressed States. (GS3, 15 marks, 250 words)
A groundwater assessment unit is classified as "over-exploited" when the stage of extraction exceeds:
(a) 70% (b) 100% (c) 90% (d) 50%
Turning battery waste into strategic mineral wealth
Context
Shyamasis Das (CSEP) argues that recycling end-of-life lithium-ion batteries can be a domestic source of critical minerals, echoing Prime Minister Modi's warning at the 18th BRICS Summit against the "weaponisation of technology and critical minerals".
Background & Key Facts
- Dependence: China dominates critical mineral processing, and India relies heavily on imports.
- Informal recycling: It recovers only 10–20% of materials, compared with over 90% in formal facilities.
- EV growth: More than 8.7 million EVs were on Indian roads by FY 2025-26. Recycling could meet 10–12% of lithium demand for EV batteries.
- Rules: The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 use extended producer responsibility (EPR).
Critical Analysis
Secondary source, not a solution: Recycling cannot make India self-sufficient, but it adds supply security and builds processing skills.
Business risk: Plants built ahead of demand may run below capacity, so they need patient capital.
Black mass trap: Recyclers often stop at an intermediate product, and incentives are needed to recover pure minerals.
Way Forward
- Include a mandated share of recycled minerals in the national stockpile.
- Fund R&D in recovery technologies and set quality standards.
- Offer take-back or buy-back schemes through EV dealers.
Exam Relevance
How can a circular battery economy strengthen India's critical mineral security? Discuss the challenges involved. (GS3, 10 marks, 150 words)
"Black mass", mentioned in battery recycling, refers to:
(a) Shredded battery material containing lithium, cobalt and nickel (b) Coal ash (c) Carbon nanotubes (d) Graphite ore
Reset the tax on transfer of property
Context
As Tamil Nadu sets up a Revenue Augmentation Committee, R. Srinivasan and S. Raja Sethu Durai argue that lowering stamp duty and registration fees (SDR) and fixing guideline values scientifically could raise revenue.
Background & Key Facts
- Revenue share: SDR made up 11.7% of States' own tax revenue in 2024-25. Tamil Nadu's share is 11.3%, against 14.8% in Maharashtra and 12.3% in Karnataka.
- Rates: Tamil Nadu's total SDR is 9%, against 6% in Karnataka and Maharashtra. Maharashtra caps registration fees at ₹30,000.
- Collections: With 33.6 lakh documents, Tamil Nadu collected about ₹22,000 crore, against about ₹24,000 crore in Karnataka and ₹50,000 crore in Maharashtra.
- History: After the 2002 reform committee's partial implementation, SDR revenue rose from ₹1,070 crore (2002-03) to ₹2,997 crore (2006-07).
Critical Analysis
Laffer logic: High rates encourage undervaluation, while lower rates can improve compliance and revenue.
Fee vs tax: A registration fee should reflect service cost, not property value, which supports a cap.
Revenue risk: Rate cuts carry short-term revenue risk if compliance does not improve.
Way Forward
- Revise guideline values annually using spatial analytics and open data.
- Make the guideline value committee autonomous.
- Reward honest declaration of transaction prices.
Exam Relevance
How can States improve revenue from stamp duty and registration fees while encouraging transparent property markets? (GS3, 10 marks, 150 words)
The idea that tax revenue can rise when tax rates are lowered, beyond a point, is associated with:
(a) Phillips curve (b) Lorenz curve (c) Laffer curve (d) Kuznets curve
Across India, 70% of stations reported 'severe' PM2.5 on Deepavali
Context
A Data Point analysis of the CPCB's 634 Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations (CAAQMS) shows Deepavali pollution spiked nationwide, not just in Delhi. Meanwhile, U.P. CM Yogi Adityanath defended firecracker use.
Background & Key Facts
- Nationwide spike: Of 551 reporting stations, 375 (nearly 70%) recorded PM2.5 of 250 µg/m³ or more at least once during Deepavali, against 96 in the pre-Deepavali window.
- States affected: In Maharashtra, U.P., Rajasthan, Haryana, M.P., Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh, more than two-thirds of stations reported "severe" peaks.
- Data gaps: Many stations stopped reporting before readings neared 1,000 µg/m³, which questions the CPCB's explanation. Only nine of Tamil Nadu's 37 stations reported data.
- SO2: Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata showed no drop in SO2 over five years despite the push for green crackers.
- U.P.: Mr. Adityanath said the State imposed no restrictions and that pollution "would be mitigated". Western U.P. towns such as Khurja (299) and Ghaziabad (297) had high AQI.
Critical Analysis
National problem: Festival pollution affects many cities, so policy cannot focus on Delhi alone.
Data credibility: Gaps before readings hit the cap suggest problems beyond calibration, which need an independent audit.
Political signals: Leaders downplaying pollution can weaken public compliance with court orders.
Way Forward
- Audit the national monitoring network and publish uptime data.
- Verify green cracker emissions independently.
- Extend city action plans under NCAP to festival peaks.
Exam Relevance
Examine the reliability of India's air quality monitoring network and suggest reforms. (GS3, 10 marks, 150 words)
According to the analysis, what share of reporting CPCB stations recorded "severe" PM2.5 peaks during Deepavali?
(a) About 30% (b) About 50% (c) About 70% (d) About 90%
Cabinet clears ₹3,230-crore Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum
Context
The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs approved ₹3,230 crore for the Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum in the historic North and South Blocks in New Delhi.
Background & Key Facts
- Scale: The built-up area is about 1,78,509 m², described as the largest display area in the world. About 1.8 million objects have been identified for display.
- Sources: Objects come from the National Museum, 52 ASI site museums, State museums and private collections.
- Timeline: Phased from 2026-27 to 2030-31. The first gallery, on adornment, opens in North Block in the latter half of 2027.
- Themes: Architecture, mathematics and astronomy, languages and scripts, faith, and "Bharat Connects – Trade and Ideas". The museum was announced on May 18, 2023.
Critical Analysis
Adaptive reuse: Turning colonial-era offices into a public museum preserves heritage while giving it a new role.
Curatorial balance: A "civilisational" narrative must reflect India's diversity and evidence-based history.
Conservation: Moving and displaying large collections needs strong conservation capacity.
Way Forward
- Involve historians, archaeologists and communities in curation.
- Digitise collections for wider access.
- Build conservation and museum-skill programmes.
Exam Relevance
Discuss the role of museums in preserving India's tangible and intangible heritage. (GS1, 10 marks, 150 words)
The Yuge Yugeen Bharat Museum is being developed in:
(a) Rashtrapati Bhavan (b) North and South Block (c) Red Fort (d) Parliament House
Why has the ANC suffered its worst electoral result?
Context
South Africa's African National Congress won just over 30% of the vote in local elections, its worst result since apartheid ended.
Background & Key Facts
- Decline: The ANC fell below 50% for the first time in 2021 local polls (45.59%). Nationally, it fell from 57% (230 seats) in 2019 to 40% (159 seats) in 2024.
- Economy: The 2023 census put poverty at 63%, and unemployment is 41% when discouraged job seekers are counted.
- Scandals: State capture under Jacob Zuma and "Farmgate" under Cyril Ramaphosa. The Constitutional Court has revived the Farmgate inquiry.
- Coalition: The ANC leads a Government of National Unity with the Democratic Alliance (24.64% in these polls), which has alienated some supporters.
Critical Analysis
End of dominance: Liberation movements often lose support once economic delivery falls short.
Admission of failure: The ANC publicly accepted lapses in water, waste and roads, which is rare.
Lesson: Voters judge parties on governance and services, not on historical legacy.
Way Forward
- Focus on municipal service delivery and jobs.
- Act firmly against corruption.
- For India: deepen IBSA and BRICS ties with whichever coalition governs.
Exam Relevance
Why do dominant liberation-era parties lose support over time? Discuss with reference to South Africa. (GS2, 10 marks, 150 words)
IBSA, a trilateral forum, comprises:
(a) India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka (b) India, Brazil, South Africa (c) Indonesia, Brazil, Saudi Arabia (d) India, Bhutan, Singapore
Gravitational-wave astronomy enters its statistical era
Context
A decade after the first detection, observatories such as LIGO, VIRGO and KAGRA can now study hundreds of black hole mergers together to test Einstein's theory and understand how black holes form.
Background & Key Facts
- What they are: Ripples in spacetime produced by rapidly accelerating massive objects, travelling at the speed of light, as predicted by general relativity.
- GW250114: The clearest signal so far, detected on January 14, 2025, from two black holes of about 34 and 32 solar masses, 1.3 billion light-years away.
- Tests: 168 signals were checked against general relativity with no disagreement. The "chirp" comes before a merger and the "ringdown" after it.
- Mass puzzles: More black holes cluster around 10 solar masses than expected. Only about 15% were spinning rapidly, so no single formation pathway explains them all.
Critical Analysis
New window: Gravitational waves reveal events no telescope can see.
Limits: Current detectors catch only nearby or heavy sources, so next-generation instruments are needed.
India's role: LIGO-India, being built in Maharashtra, will improve the localisation of sources.
Way Forward
- Complete LIGO-India on schedule.
- Train Indian researchers in data analysis and astrophysics.
- Collaborate on next-generation detectors.
Exam Relevance
What are gravitational waves? Discuss the significance of LIGO-India for Indian science. (GS3, 10 marks, 150 words)
LIGO-India is being built in which State?
(a) Karnataka (b) Gujarat (c) Tamil Nadu (d) Maharashtra
Quick Prelims Revision (MCQ Bank)
Q1. INS Betwa, set for refit and re-powering at Cochin Shipyard, is a:
(a) Brahmaputra-class frigate (b) Kolkata-class destroyer
(c) Scorpene-class submarine (d) Aircraft carrier
Answer: (a) — The ₹498-crore refit will replace its steam propulsion with diesel engines and upgrade its weapons.
Q2. The Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU), extended to March 2031, supports loans under:
(a) PM SVANidhi (b) Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana
(c) Stand-Up India (d) PMEGP
Answer: (b) — The Cabinet extended CGFMU for five years. It has helped expand Mudra loans.
Q3. The current Ebola outbreak in DR Congo is caused by which species?
(a) Zaire (b) Sudan
(c) Bundibugyo (d) Reston
Answer: (c) — The Bundibugyo species has no approved vaccine or treatment. The outbreak has passed 11,000 cases and 5,387 deaths.
Q4. Janjatiya Gaurav Divas, observed on November 15, marks the birth anniversary of:
(a) Tantya Bhil (b) Sidhu Murmu
(c) Alluri Sitarama Raju (d) Birsa Munda
Answer: (d) — Birsa Munda was born on November 15, 1875 in Ulihatu, now in Jharkhand, and led the Ulgulan.
Q5. The National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions (NCAHP), which proposed new registration norms, functions under:
(a) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (b) Ministry of Education
(c) Ministry of Skill Development (d) NITI Aayog
Answer: (a) — The NCAHP, under the Union Health Ministry, regulates professions such as physiotherapy, lab technology and medical imaging.
Q6. M. John Harrison won the 2026 Booker Prize for which novel?
(a) Light (b) The End of Everything
(c) Wish I Was Here (d) Empty Space
Answer: (b) — The editorial notes the win as overdue recognition for science fiction.
Q7. The fertiliser subsidy approved by the Cabinet for the winter (rabi) crop season is about:
(a) ₹12,000 crore (b) ₹37,500 crore
(c) ₹62,370 crore (d) ₹1 lakh crore
Answer: (c) — The Cabinet approved ₹623.70 billion (₹62,370 crore, about $6.65 billion) for the winter crop season.
Q8. A new study found that chimpanzees' vocal repertoire includes:
(a) Only innate calls (b) Learned, context-specific calls
(c) Human words (d) No alarm calls
Answer: (b) — The study blurs the line between inherited animal calls and learned human language.
Frequently Asked Questions
How did the ordinance change control of Gokul Dairy?
The ordinance let the government nominate five directors to large cooperatives, four with voting rights. Their votes turned a 13-12 Congress-backed majority into a 16-13 majority for the BJP and allies, who then elected the chairman.
Why was Karnataka's SC/ST quota hike quashed?
The High Court held that raising SC and ST reservation took the total to 56%, above the Supreme Court's 50% ceiling. The State has appealed and wants the law placed in the Ninth Schedule.
What is the Sahyog portal?
It is a government system that lets Ministries, State governments and police send content takedown requests directly to platforms. Since February, platforms have three hours to comply. X has challenged its legality in the Supreme Court.
What are the main changes in the visa regime?
Main categories fell from 13 to nine, forms were shortened by up to 70%, the Tourist Visa was renamed Visitor Visa (V-1 and V-2), and a visa for foreign technical experts was introduced.
Can battery recycling solve India's critical mineral problem?
Not fully. It could meet about 10–12% of lithium demand for EV batteries, but it offers a secondary, domestic source and helps build the processing capacity that India currently lacks.
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Source: The Hindu, Delhi City Edition, 12 November 2026. Static background and frameworks have been added for exam preparation. Original article text has been paraphrased, not reproduced; this analysis is prepared independently for UPSC Civil Services exam preparation.
