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PIB Summaries 21 August 2025

  1. Transformation of India’s Defence and Internal Security Posture
  2. SCHEMES FOR TRIBAL AREAS


Context & Background

  • Pre-2014 Scenario:
    • Heavy dependence on imports (India among the top arms importers).
    • Defence procurement delays, lack of transparency, and poor private participation.
    • Internal security: Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) widespread, frequent terror attacks, porous borders.
  • Post-2014 Shift:
    • Security framed as non-negotiable.
    • Focus on self-reliance (Atmanirbharta), deterrence, and proactive operations.
    • Integration of defence with broader national development (technology, economy, food, finance).

Relevance : GS 3(Internal Security , Defence)

Defence Expenditure & Production

  • Defence Budget Growth:
    • ₹2.53 lakh crore (2013–14) → ₹6.81 lakh crore (2025–26).
    • Defence share of GDP remains modest (~2–2.5%) but more efficiently utilised.
  • Defence Production:
    • Record ₹1.50 lakh crore (2024–25), triple 2014–15.
    • Indigenous platforms: fighter jets, missile systems, artillery, warships, carriers.
    • Exports: 34x growth; ₹23,622 crore in 2024–25 → exports to 100+ nations (including advanced economies like US, France).

Key Reforms for Self-Reliance

  • Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020:
    • Prioritises Buy (Indian IDDM) over imports.
    • Pushes local design, development, and manufacturing.
  • Make in India (Make-I, II, III):
    • Make-I: Govt funds up to 70% (₹250 Cr cap).
    • Make-II: Industry-funded, inclusive of MSMEs, suo-moto proposals.
    • Make-III: Local manufacturing with foreign ToT.
    • 146 projects approved across services.
  • FDI Liberalisation:
    • 74% automatic route.
    • 100% govt route for advanced tech.
  • Innovation Ecosystem:
    • iDEX (2018): Supports start-ups/MSMEs with grants.
    • TDF: Up to ₹10 Cr grants for advanced tech.
    • 25% defence R&D budget earmarked for non-government actors.
  • Indigenisation Portals:
    • SRIJAN: 46,798 items listed for local development.
    • Positive Indigenisation Lists: 5 tranches, 5,012 items banned for imports.
  • Offsets & Strategic Partnerships:
    • Offset Portal (2019): transparency in contracts.
    • SP Model (2017): Indian firms tie-ups with global OEMs → ToT, infra creation.pasted-image.png

Technology Push

  • AI & Next-gen Tech:
    • Defence AI Council (DAIC), Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA).
    • AI roadmaps for each DPSU.
    • DRDO focus areas: Space, Cyber, Robotics, Sensors, Soldier support.
  • Future Readiness:
    • Sudarshan Chakra Mission (2025): By 2035, develop predictive defence technologies, all-Indian R&D & manufacturing, and national security shield for civilian & strategic assets.

Counter-Terror & Strategic Posture

  • Proactive Operations:
    • 2016 Uri → Surgical Strikes.
    • 2019 Pulwama → Balakot Air Strikes.
    • 2025 Pahalgam (Operation Sindoor): Drone strikes on 9 terror camps, 100+ terrorists eliminated.
  • Five New Normals” on Pakistan (PM Modi’s doctrine):
    • Firm, decisive responses to terror.
    • No tolerance of nuclear blackmail.
    • Terrorists = Sponsors equally culpable.
    • Talks only on terrorism & PoJK.
    • No compromise on sovereignty (terror & talks/trade mutually exclusive).

Internal Security Stabilisation

  • Left-Wing Extremism (LWE):
    • 2010: 1,936 incidents → 2024: 374 incidents.
    • Casualties (civilian + security) down by 85%.
    • Fewer than 20 affected districts (down from ~90+).
    • 8,000+ Naxalites surrendered/rehabilitated.
  • Approach: Security + Development.
    • Infrastructure (roads, telecom, schools) in LWE zones.
    • Welfare schemes expanded to previously cut-off regions.

National Security Beyond Defence

  • Food Security:
    • Production: 246 MT (2013–14) → 354 MT (2024–25).
    • PMGKAY: 81 Cr beneficiaries of free food grains.
    • PM-KISAN: ₹3.9 lakh crore disbursed to farmers.
  • Financial Security:
    • FI-Index: 67.0 (2025), +24% since 2021.
    • 89% account ownership (Global Findex 2025).
    • PMJDY: 56 Cr beneficiaries, ₹2.64 lakh crore balance.
  • Dairy & Fisheries:
    • Milk: 146 MT → 239 MT (2014–24).
    • Fisheries: 96 LT → 195 LT (2014–25).
    • India = World’s largest milk producer, inland fish production doubled.
  • Technology & Industry:
    • India Semiconductor Mission (₹76,000 Cr, 2021).
    • First 3nm chip design centres in Noida & Bengaluru (2025).
    • First indigenous chip ready for production (2025).

Strategic Impact

  • Shift in Global Image:
    • From passive security stance to assertive regional power.
    • From top importer to emerging exporter.
    • Greater autonomy in policy due to reduced defence import dependence.
  • Doctrinal Evolution:
    • Preventive, not just reactive, posture.
    • Integrated view of security: defence, economy, energy, food, finance.
    • Security = foundation for Viksit Bharat 2047.

Conclusion

  • India’s defence & internal security transformation (2014–2025) is structural, not cosmetic.
  • Key pillars: Atmanirbharta, Innovation, Deterrence, Proactivity, Comprehensive Security.
  • Achievements: Rising global exporter, technological self-reliance, reduced LWE & terror vulnerability, integrated national resilience.
  • Overall → India today speaks and acts from a position of strength, aiming for Viksit Bharat with a security doctrine that fuses hard power, economic resilience, and technology leadership.


Context & Constitutional Framework

  • Scheduled Tribes (STs): Identified under Article 342 of the Constitution; development of STs is a constitutional commitment.
  • Directive Principles: Article 46 directs the State to promote educational and economic interests of weaker sections, especially STs.
  • Special Provisions:
    • Article 275(1): Special Central Assistance (SCA) as grants to states with ST population for welfare.
    • Fifth Schedule: Administration of Scheduled Areas.
    • Sixth Schedule: Autonomous District Councils in NE states.

Relevance : GS 1(Society) , GS 2(Social Justice , Governance)

Institutional Mechanism for Tribal Development

  • Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA): Nodal Ministry for ST development.
  • Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST):
    • Strategy where 41 Ministries/Departments earmark part of their budget for tribal development.
    • Focus: bridging ST vs non-ST gaps in education, health, agriculture, skill, infrastructure.
  • Coordination: MoTA ensures convergence of schemes across line ministries.

Major Schemes / Programmes (Core + Flagship)

  • Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (2024–29):
    • PM-launched; 25 interventions, 17 Ministries.
    • Target: Saturate 63,843 villages in 30 States/UTs; benefit 5 crore tribals.
    • Budget: ₹79,156 Cr (Centre: ₹56,333 Cr; States: ₹22,823 Cr).
    • Focus: Health, education, Anganwadi infra, livelihoods.
  • Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN, 2023–26):
    • Launched on 15 Nov 2023 (Janjatiya Gaurav Divas).
    • Outlay: ₹24,000 Cr.
    • Focus: Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
    • Goals: Safe housing, clean water, sanitation, road/telecom connectivity, electrification, health, nutrition, livelihood.
  • Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Vikas Mission (PMJVM):
    • Merged schemes: MSP for Minor Forest Produce (MFP) + Marketing of Tribal Products.
    • Features:
      • MSP fixation & procurement for MFP.
      • Sustainable collection & value addition.
      • Market intelligence + value chain infra.

Education & Human Resource Development

  • Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS):
    • Started in 2018–19.
    • Target: 728 schools (1/block with >50% ST population & ≥20,000 STs).
    • Beneficiaries: 3.5 lakh ST students.
  • Scholarships:
    • Pre-Matric (IX–X):
      • Income ≤ ₹2.5 Lakh/year.
      • Day scholars: ₹225/month; Hostellers: ₹525/month.
      • Funding: 75:25 (Centre:State); 90:10 for NE + Hilly States.
    • Post-Matric:
      • Income ≤ ₹2.5 Lakh/year.
      • Reimbursement of compulsory fees + stipend (₹230–₹1200/month).
      • Same funding ratio.
    • National Overseas Scholarship: 20 awards/year (17 STs, 3 PVTGs). Income ≤ ₹6 Lakh.
    • National Fellowship (MPhil/PhD) & Top Class Education (IITs, IIMs, AIIMS, etc.): 750 fellowships/year; income limit ≤ ₹6 Lakh.

Social Security & Welfare

  • National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):
    • Includes STs.
    • Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS): BPL persons aged ≥60 years.
  • Grant-in-Aid to Voluntary Organizations:
    • For education, health, hostels, dispensaries, livelihood.

Research, Culture & Heritage

  • Support to Tribal Research Institutes (TRIs):
    • Activities: Research, training, documentation, tribal museums, cultural promotion.
    • 100% funding by MoTA.

West Bengal – Fund Flow Snapshot (2022–25)

Education Scholarships

  • Pre-Matric:
    • 2022–23: ₹29.89 Cr.
    • 2023–24: Data NA.
    • 2024–25*: Provisional (yet to be updated).
  • Post-Matric:
    • 2022–23: ₹34.06 Cr.
    • 2023–24: ₹35.00 Cr.
    • 2024–25*: Provisional.

Development of PVTGs

  • 2022–23: ₹665.95 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹0 (gap year).
  • 2024–25*: ₹1631.05 Lakh.

NSTFDC Loans (Tribal Finance & Development)

  • 2022–23: ₹1643.33 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹1526.59 Lakh.
  • 2024–25*: ₹2233.75 Lakh.

Pradhan Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY)

  • 2022–23: ₹3495.20 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹0.00.
  • 2024–25*: ₹0.00.

Article 275(1) Grants

  • 2022–23: ₹4186.5 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹4744.4 Lakh.
  • 2024–25*: ₹3549.61 Lakh.

Grant-in-Aid to NGOs

  • 2022–23: ₹476.1 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹1167.79 Lakh.
  • 2024–25*: ₹1390.18 Lakh.

Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS)

  • 2022–23: ₹2303.67 Lakh.
  • 2023–24: ₹1869.70 Lakh.
  • 2024–25*: ₹1789.50 Lakh.

Key Observations

  • Shift to Mission Mode: PM-JANMAN & Dharti Aaba Abhiyan show convergence-driven, saturation-based development targeting infrastructure + livelihood.
  • Focus on PVTGs: Dedicated budget lines & saturation approach within 3 years.
  • Education Push: EMRS expansion + multi-tier scholarship architecture (school to PhD + overseas).
  • Financial Inclusion: NSTFDC loans growing steadily; tribal entrepreneurship focus.
  • Fund Utilization (West Bengal):
    • Fluctuations visible (e.g., PVTG funds dropped to zero in 2023–24; PMAAGY halted after 2022–23).
    • Scholarships & EMRS grants consistent but modest.
    • Article 275(1) funds steady with small decline in 2024–25.

Overall Takeaways

  • Tribal policy has moved from welfare-basedrights-basedsaturation & mission-mode convergence.
  • Emphasis on education, livelihood, infrastructure, and PVTG inclusion.
  • Persistent challenge: irregular fund flow & inter-year fluctuations (esp. in WB).
  • Strong role of constitutional provisions (275(1), 5th & 6th Schedule) + DAPST convergence strategy.
  • Key trend: Integration of tribal development with mainstream growth via MSP, EMRS, skill, and infrastructure.

August 2025
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