LiFi (Light Fidelity) transmits data using LED light — specifically by switching LEDs on (logical 1) and off (logical 0) at very high speeds imperceptible to the human eye. It operates in the visible light spectrum (380–780 nm). Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) transmits data using radio waves (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, or 6 GHz bands). Key differences: Speed: LiFi up to 100 Gbps; Wi-Fi up to 9.6 Gbps (Wi-Fi 6). Wall penetration: Wi-Fi passes through walls (radio waves); LiFi cannot (light is blocked by walls). Security: LiFi is more secure because its signal is confined to the lit area. EMI sensitivity: LiFi doesn't cause electromagnetic interference and works in EMI-sensitive areas (aircraft cabins, hospital operation theatres, nuclear power plants). India angle: Ministry of Defence funded LiFi through iDEX for secure defence communications. LiFi was coined by Professor Harald Haas (University of Edinburgh) in a 2011 TED talk. It's NOT developed by the IEEE 802.11 group — LiFi uses IEEE 802.15.7 standard.

Statements 1, 2, and 3 are correct; Statement 4 is wrong. Statement 1 CORRECT: India achieved nationwide 5G rollout by October 2024, with coverage in 779 out of 783 districts, supported by over 4.6 lakh (460,000+) 5G base transceiver stations. India's operators (Jio, Airtel, Vi, BSNL) drove this rapid deployment. Statement 2 CORRECT: PM Modi released the Bharat 6G Vision document on March 23, 2023. It envisions India as a frontline contributor to 6G design, development, and deployment. It's structured as a 9-year phased mission from 2022–2031. Principles: Affordability, Sustainability, Ubiquity. Statement 3 CORRECT: The ITU (International Telecommunication Union — UN's specialised agency for ICT) has named 6G technology as "IMT 2030." The ITU opened its first office in India at the C-DoT (Centre for Development of Telematics) campus in New Delhi in March 2023 — marking India's growing role in global telecom standard-setting. Statement 4 WRONG: India's mobile broadband speed ranking improved from 118th to 15th (NOT from 15th to 1st). This improvement was achieved after the launch of 5G services in 2022. India ranked 118th before 5G; after 5G deployment it rose to 15th — a dramatic 103-rank improvement.

The Telecommunications Act, 2023 is a landmark piece of legislation that modernises India's telecom legal framework for the digital age. It replaces three colonial-era acts: (1) Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 — the primary law governing telecom for 138 years, drafted during the British telegraph era; (2) Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 — governed wireless communications; (3) Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Protection) Act, 1950 — addressed wire theft. The new Act covers: spectrum allocation and management; telecom service authorisations (replacing licences); infrastructure regulation; consumer protection; national security provisions; right-of-way for telecom infrastructure; encryption and interception standards for modern contexts; and a framework for satellite internet and OTT platforms. Option (a) is wrong — TRAI was established by the TRAI Act 1997, much earlier; the Telecom Act 2023 is separate. Option (c) is wrong — India remains an active member of ITU (it literally opened an ITU office in India in 2023). Option (d) is completely wrong — India's telecom sector has dominant private players (Jio, Airtel) and the Act maintains the mixed model.

Passive RFID tags have no battery and no independent power source. When an RFID reader emits radio waves, the electromagnetic field induces a small electric current in the passive tag's antenna — this current powers the tag's chip, which then broadcasts its stored data back to the reader. Passive RFID has: no battery (lower cost, longer life, smaller size), shorter range (cm to a few metres depending on frequency), read-only in most cases, used in FASTag (highway tolls), retail barcodes, library books, credit card chips, passport chips. Active RFID tags have their own battery. They continuously broadcast their signal, don't need to be "powered up" by the reader. Active RFID has: battery (higher cost, finite life), longer range (up to 100+ metres), both read and write capability, used in vehicle tracking, asset management in large warehouses, aviation equipment tracking, container shipping. India RFID applications: FASTag (passive UHF RFID) at highway tolls — mandatory since 2021 for all vehicles; DigiYatra face recognition at airports uses active identification systems; passport chips use passive HF RFID (same frequency as NFC). NFC (13.56 MHz) is technically a subset of HF RFID technology but designed specifically for very short range (cm), two-way communication, and mobile device integration. NFC has NOT replaced all RFID — they serve different applications.

Statements 1 and 3 are correct; Statements 2 and 4 are wrong. Statement 1 CORRECT: The Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023 is India's first comprehensive legislation specifically addressing personal data protection in the digital context. Earlier, data protection was handled through the Information Technology Act 2000 and IT Rules 2011 — but these were inadequate for the modern data economy. Statement 2 WRONG: The terminology is reversed. Under the DPDP Act, a "Data Fiduciary" is the entity (company, government body, or individual) that determines the purpose and means of processing personal data — like Facebook, Google, hospitals, or banks. The "Data Principal" is the citizen/individual whose personal data is being collected and processed. The Data Principal has rights under the Act: right to access information, right to correction, right to erasure, right to nominate someone for exercising rights after death. Statement 3 CORRECT: The Act establishes a "Data Protection Board of India" — a quasi-judicial body that adjudicates complaints, handles data breaches, and imposes financial penalties on Data Fiduciaries for non-compliance. Penalties can be up to ₹250 crore per instance. Statement 4 WRONG: The Act does NOT completely prohibit cross-border data transfers. It allows transfer to "notified countries/territories" — the central government notifies a list of countries to which data can be transferred. This is a conditional/regulated system, not a blanket ban. Complete data localisation (keeping all data within India) was proposed in earlier drafts but was NOT in the final Act.