Q1. With reference to river landforms, consider the following statements:
- Natural levees are formed due to deposition of sediments during floods.
- Oxbow lakes are formed due to lateral erosion and cutoff of meanders.
- Deltas are formed when rivers enter deep ocean basins with strong tidal action.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1: Correct — Natural levees are raised embankments formed when coarse sediments deposit along river banks during floods.
Statement 2: Correct — Oxbow lakes form when a meander loop gets cut off due to continued erosion and deposition.
Statement 3: Incorrect — Strong tidal action prevents delta formation and instead produces estuaries (e.g., Narmada, Tapti).
Q2. Which of the following landforms are typically associated with glacial erosion?
- Cirque
- Drumlin
- U-shaped valley
- Fjord
Select the correct answer using the code below:
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1, 3 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Correct Answer: B
Explanation:
- Cirque — amphitheatre-shaped hollow formed by glacial erosion.
- U-shaped valley — formed by glacial widening and deepening of river valleys.
- Fjord — submerged glacial valley along coasts.
- Drumlins are glacial depositional landforms, not erosional.
Q3. With reference to karst topography, consider the following statements:
- It develops mainly in regions with soluble rocks such as limestone.
- Stalactites grow upward from the cave floor.
- Sinkholes are characteristic surface features of karst landscapes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only
C. 1, 2 and 3
D. 1 only
Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
Statement 1: Correct — Karst landscapes develop due to solution of limestone and dolomite.
Statement 2: Incorrect —
- Stalactites hang from the roof of caves.
- Stalagmites grow upward from the floor.
Statement 3: Correct — Sinkholes (dolines) are common karst features formed due to collapse or dissolution.
Q4. Assertion (A): Inselbergs are isolated residual hills rising abruptly from a plain.
Reason (R): They are formed due to differential erosion of hard rocks surrounded by softer rocks.
Select the correct answer using the code below:
A. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A
C. A is correct but R is incorrect
D. A is incorrect but R is correct
Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
- Inselbergs are isolated rock hills common in arid and semi-arid regions.
- They remain after surrounding softer rocks are eroded away, leaving resistant rock masses.
Example: Inselbergs in African deserts and peninsular India.
Q5. Arrange the following coastal landforms formed by marine erosion in the correct sequence of development:
- Sea cave
- Sea stack
- Sea arch
- Wave-cut notch
Select the correct answer using the code below:
A. 4 → 1 → 3 → 2
B. 1 → 4 → 3 → 2
C. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2
D. 1 → 3 → 4 → 2
Correct Answer: A
Explanation:
The typical sequence of coastal erosional landform development is:
- Wave-cut notch → erosion at the base of cliff by wave action
- Sea cave → notch enlarges into a cave
- Sea arch → cave deepens and breaks through headland
- Sea stack → arch roof collapses leaving isolated pillar
Common along rocky coasts such as the western coast of Scotland and Australia.
