08 December Static Quiz 2021 (History)

The Zamindari System:
The zamindari system was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 through Permanent Settlement that fixed the land rights of the members in perpetuity without any provision for fixed rent or occupancy right for actual cultivators.
Under the Zamindari system, the land revenue was collected from the farmers by the intermediaries known as Zamindars. Hence statement 1 is correct.
The share of the government in the total land revenue collected by the zamindars was kept at 10/11th, and the remainder going to zamindars.
The system was most prevalent in West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, UP, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.

The Ryotwari System
In the British territories in southern India, there was a move away from the idea of Permanent Settlement.
A system that came to be known as the Ryotwari System, was devised by Captain Alexander Read and Sir Thomas Munro at the end of the 18th century and introduced by the latter when he was governor of Madras Presidency (1819–26).
Under the Ryotwari system, the land revenue was paid by the farmers directly to the state. Hence statement 3 is correct.
In this system, the Individual cultivator called Ryot had full rights regarding sale, transfer, and leasing of the land.
The ryots could not be evicted from their land as long as they paid the rent.
It was prevalent in most of southern India, first introduced in Tamil Nadu. It was later extended to Maharashtra, Berar, East Punjab, Coorg and Assam.
The advantages of this system were the elimination of middlemen, who often oppressed villagers.

Mutasibs were appointed to ensure the general observance of the rules of morality. They also examined weights and measures and enforced fair prices, etc.

Wood’s despatch of 1854:

Charles Wood was a British Liberal politician and Member of Parliament. Later he became the President of the Board of Control of the East India Company. In 1854 he sent the “Wood’s despatch”, a proposal for education system in India, to the Governor General Lord Dalhousie.
The objectives were;
To impart Western knowledge, information about the western culture to the Indians.
To educate the natives of India so that a class of public servants could be created.
To promote intellectual development and also raise the moral character of the young generation.
To develop practical and vocational skills of the Indians people so that more and more articles could be produced and also to create a good market for consumption of those goods.
Features of Wood’s Despatch
As the Wood’s Despatch promoted education rejecting the ‘downward filtration theory‘, aspirants should know all the spheres where the despatch had an impact on:
Primary Education
Vernacular languages were to be promoted
Education Department was to set up in every province
At least one government school be opened in every district
Systematic method of education
Higher Education
Universities on the model of the London university be established in big cities like Bombay, Madras and Calcutta
Systematic method of education
Women’s Education
Promoted female education on all levels. It promoted mass education and also education for girls. Hence statement 3 is correct.
Hierarchy in education was systemised
Primary schools in villages (Bottom)
Anglo-Vernacular High Schools
Affiliated colleges at district level
Affiliating universities in the presidency towns
English Education
English was made the medium of instruction for higher studies
Vernacular Education
Vernacular languages (spoken by the common masses) to be promoted at primary level. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Teachers’ training
Promotion and stress on teachers’ training at all levels
Secular Education to be promoted
Grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise. Hence statement 1 is incorrect

The Mughals constructed excellent Forts, Mosques, Mausoleums, Gardens and Cities. Mughal architecture begins with Akbar who displayed great passion for buildings with meticulous planning and constructing splendid edifices. He made the best use of the Hindu and Persian style of architecture. The salient features of Akbar’s buildings are the use of red sandstone inlaid with white marble and painted designs on walls and ceiling.

The new Indian Architecture of the Mughal period is called Mughal Architecture. The Mughal architecture was an amalgamation of Persian, Turkic, Timurid Iranian, Central Asian, and Indian Hindu style of architecture.
Mughal architecture first developed and flourished during the reign of Akbar. Hence statement 1 is correct.
In this period there was extensive use of red sandstone as a building material. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Mughal architecture reached its peak during the rule of Shah Jahan. The decline of Mughal architecture began during the rule of Aurangazeb and post his death. The Mughals were known for building beautiful quadrilateral gardens.
Buland Darwaza was built by Mughal Emperor Akbar, to commemorate his victory over Gujarat. It can be translated as Door to Victory. It was built in 1601 A.D and acts as an entrance to the Jama Masjid at Fatehpur Sikri. Hence statement 3 is correct.

The correct match is given below:

Commissions/Committees
Purpose
1) Raleigh Commission: To inquire into the condition and prospects of universities in India
2) Butler Commission: Indian States relation with British Crown
3) Hartog Commission: To survey on the growth of education in India.

Raleigh Commission – 1902
Raleigh Commission was appointed under the presidency of Sir Thomas Raleigh on 27 January 1902 to inquire into the condition and prospects of universities in India and to recommend proposals for improving their constitution and working.
Evidently, the Commission was precluded from reporting on primary or secondary education.
As a result of the report of the recommendations of the Commission the Indian Universities Act was passed in 1904.
The main objective of the Act was to improve the condition of education in India and upgrade the system to a better level.
The following important changes were introduced for the upliftment of University Education.
Universities were empowered to appoint their own staff including the teaching staff.

Butler Committee:
Harcourt Butler Committee or Butler Commission was a three -member committee headed by Harcourt Butler, appointed on December 16, 1927 to examine the relations between the native states and the paramount power, declined to define what paramountcy was but clearly and fortrightly stated that “paramountcy must remain paramount”.
The committee fully endorsed that the viceroy, not the governor general should remain the Crown agent in dealing with the native states.
In fact the right to protect includes right to internal intervention.
Paramountcy is the supreme sovereign power which was kept above the reach of law and interpretation, to be exercised at the appropriate time subject to restraints of morality and constitutional propriety against an erring ruler of a native state when other correctional means had proved to be futile.
It is a concept developed into a deterrent in the political relation between the British and the Indian rulers.

Hartog Commission – 1929
Sir Philip Joseph Hartog committee was appointed by the British Indian government to survey on the growth of education in India.
The Hartog committee 1929, had devoted more attention to mass education than the secondary and University education.
The Hartog committee highlighted the problem of wastage and stagnation in education at the primary level.
It recommended the policy of consolidation instead of multiplication of schools. The duration of the primary course was to be fixed to four years.
It recommended for the improvements in quality, pay, and service conditions of teachers and relating the syllabus and teaching methods to the local environment of villages and locality