Content :
- Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site
- India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire
- In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs
- Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs
- Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities
Black box recovered from roof of hostel; Modi visits crash site
Relevance : GS 3(Disaster Management)
Background:
- Flight Details: Air India Flight AI-171 was operating on an international route when it crashed during descent near Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad.
- Aircraft Type: The flight was operated using a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, a long-haul wide-body aircraft.
- Crash Timing: The crash occurred shortly before landing, with early reports suggesting a possible technical failure or structural malfunction.
- Mayday Signal: Reports indicate the crew issued a Mayday distress call, hinting at a rapid emergency or system failure.
- First Major Crash Involving 787 in India: This incident marks the first fatal crash involving a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner in Indian aviation history.
- High Casualty Event: With over 240 onboard fatalities, it ranks among the deadliest air crashes in Indian civil aviation in recent years.
- Survivor: Only one onboard survivor, Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, has been confirmed so far, currently undergoing treatment.
Crash & Investigation Status
- Crash Incident: Air India flight AI-171 crashed in Ahmedabad, killing at least 241 people on board.
- Ground Casualties: No confirmed data yet on casualties on the ground.
- Black Box Recovered: Found on the roof of a hostel; will aid in determining the cause of the crash.
- AAIB Action: Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau has launched a formal probe.
- Police FIR: Ahmedabad police registered a case of accidental death.
Political & Administrative Response
- PM Modi’s Visit: Visited the crash site and chaired a review meeting at Ahmedabad airport.
- Public Statement: Expressed grief, calling the devastation “saddening”.
- Interaction with Victims: PM spoke to Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, the only onboard survivor, and met other injured individuals.
- UK-India Coordination: British High Commissioner Lindy Cameron met PM; both countries collaborating to establish crash facts.
Casualty Management
- Bodies Retrieved: 265 bodies sent to Ahmedabad Civil Hospital.
- Identifications Made: Only 6 bodies identified so far and handed over to families.
- DNA Profiling Underway: Due to severe charring, DNA matching is being used.
- Process expected to take 72 hours.
- Remaining bodies will be released post-confirmation.
Security & Surveillance
- Central Agency Involvement: NIA and other central agencies visited the crash site, indicating deeper investigation angles (security/sabotage not ruled out).
India abstains from UNGA resolution for Gaza ceasefire
India’s UNGA Abstention: Context & Implications
- India abstained from a UNGA resolution calling for a ceasefire in Gaza on June 13, 2025 — 4th abstention in 3 years.
- Marks a shift from India’s earlier vote in favour of ceasefire (December 2024), indicating a changing diplomatic posture.
- India cited consistency with past votes (Dec 2022, Oct 2023, early 2024) where it abstained on resolutions critical of Israel.
Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)
Diplomatic Significance
- India was the only abstaining country among BRICS, SCO, and South Asia, isolating it from its traditional groupings.
- Abstention came while EAM Jaishankar was in Paris; France and Saudi Arabia are hosting a conference on the two-state solution (June 17–20).
- Uncertainty over India’s participation in this upcoming conference; MEA has not yet confirmed delegation.
UNGA Vote Details
- Resolution title: “Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations”.
- Introduced by Spain, passed with 149 in favour, 11 against, and 19 abstentions.
- India abstained along with countries like Albania, Malawi, Kiribati, Ecuador, and Dominica.
- The US and Israel opposed the resolution, citing lack of criticism toward Hamas.
India’s Stated Reason
- India’s UN envoy Parvathaneni Harish stated that India remains “deeply concerned” about Gaza but abstained to promote dialogue and diplomacy.
- Maintained that only peaceful negotiations can resolve the conflict.
Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza
- Death toll in Gaza stands at ~55,000, with half the population facing catastrophic hunger and health crises.
- WHO and other UN bodies report dozens of child deaths from malnutrition since the ceasefire collapse.
- Resolution called for:
- Immediate and permanent humanitarian aid access.
- Return of hostages.
- Compliance with international humanitarian law by both Israel and Hamas.
Global Responses
- US criticism: Resolution doesn’t condemn Hamas directly.
- Russia’s stance: Ceasefire is essential; Israel’s blockade is leading to mass starvation and death.
- Broader international consensus coalescing around need for humanitarian ceasefire and revival of peace talks.
In a first, Centre sanctions over 300 FRA cells to ‘facilitate’ implementation of Forest Rights Act across 18 States, UTs
Background Context
- Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Recognizes rights of Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (OTFDs) over forest land and resources.
- Responsibility till now: Implementation has been the responsibility of State and UT governments.
Relevance : GS 3(Environment and Ecology)
Key Development
- First-ever Central Structural Support: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA) has sanctioned 324 district-level FRA cells and 17 State-level cells in 18 States/UTs.
- Under DAJGUA Scheme: The initiative is part of the Dharti Aba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyaan, launched in October 2024, aimed at tribal welfare.
Purpose and Role of FRA Cells
- Supportive Role Only:
- Assist Gram Sabhas and claimants in paperwork for FRA claims.
- Help in data management and documentation.
- Aid in “quick disposal” of pending claims, especially post-DLC approval.
- No decision-making power: Cells will not interfere with decisions of Gram Sabhas, SDLCs, DLCs, or State departments.
Concerns Raised
- Activists’ Criticism:
- Fears of a “parallel mechanism” being created outside the statutory framework of FRA.
- Risk of undermining community-based structures like Gram Sabhas.
- Governance Conflict:
- Cells are framed under DAJGUA rules, not under FRA 2006, raising questions about legal sanctity and overlap.
Funding and Structure
- Funding by Centre:
- Through Grants-in-aid General.
- ₹8.67 lakh per district FRA cell.
- ₹25.85 lakh per State-level cell.
- Operational Control: FRA cells are expected to function within State government systems.
Current Status of FRA Claims
- Total claims filed: ~51.11 lakh across 21 States/UTs (as of March 2025).
- Claims disposed: ~43 lakh.
- Rejected claims: Over 42%.
- Pending claims: 14.45% overall.
- High pendency in Assam (60%+) and Telangana (~50.27%).
State-wise FRA Cell Sanctions (Top States)
State | District FRA Cells |
Madhya Pradesh | 55 |
Chhattisgarh | 30 |
Telangana | 29 |
Maharashtra | 26 |
Assam | 25 |
Jharkhand | 24 |
Significance
- Policy Shift: Marks a departure from earlier Union stance of passive encouragement to States.
- Potential Impact:
- Could improve speed and quality of claim processing.
- May help tackle persistent pendency and high rejection rates.
- Caution Required: Must not bypass or dilute democratic community institutions enshrined under FRA.
Israel-Iran conflict may impact oil supply to India, spike export costs
Macro-Economic Risks for India
- Oil Dependency:
- India imports ~80% of its crude oil needs.
- A global oil price spike (~8% in a single day) due to the Israel-Iran conflict poses inflationary risks.
- Even though India does not directly import much from Iran, supply chain disruptions can raise overall crude import costs.
Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)
- Key Trade Route at Risk:
- Strait of Hormuz:
- ~20% of global oil trade passes through it.
- Disruption could affect supply from Iraq, Saudi Arabia, UAE — all major suppliers to India.
- Strait of Hormuz:
- Suez Canal & Red Sea:Conflict escalation could restrict access.Exports may be forced to reroute via the Cape of Good Hope, increasing travel time by 15–20 days and cost by $500–$1,000 per container.Leads to 40–50% rise in export shipping costs.
Sectoral Impacts
- Fuel & Inflation:
- Higher crude costs = Higher fuel prices, transport costs, and CPI inflation.
- Impacts household budgets and may affect RBI’s monetary stance.
- Export Sector:
- Engineering exports and others could suffer due to delayed timelines and higher freight costs.
- India’s competitiveness in global markets may reduce.
- Precious Metals:
- Gold prices surged past ₹1 lakh/10 grams amid uncertainty.
- Reflects its role as a safe-haven asset in geopolitical crises.
- Central bank gold accumulation and inflation concerns further driving demand.
Expert Insights
- Amit Kumar (Grant Thornton):
- Even indirect effects from the Strait of Hormuz could impact India’s oil imports due to interlinked global supply chains.
- Pankaj Chadha (EEPC India):
- Closure of Suez Canal = serious blow to export sector, especially time-sensitive or heavy goods.
- Norbert Rücker (Julius Baer):
- Views oil price surge as temporary; expects prices to stabilize, following past patterns of conflict.
- Amit Jain (Ashika Global):
- Rise in gold demand part of a long-term structural trend, not merely a reactionary spike.
Overall Implications for India
- Short-term risks:
- Inflation, rising current account deficit (CAD), and fiscal pressure on oil subsidies.
- Medium-term:
- Export sector may lose margins.
- Potential need to reassess strategic oil reserves and diversify energy sources.
- Geopolitical dimension:
- Underscores India’s strategic vulnerability due to heavy oil dependence and trade route reliance.
Why Israel attacked Iran’s nuclear facilities
Nature and Scale of the Attack
- June 13, 2025: Israel carried out massive airstrikes targeting:
- Iranian nuclear facilities (e.g., Natanz).
- Ballistic missile sites.
- Residences of top Generals.
- Over two dozen nuclear scientists.
- Heaviest military strike on Iran since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
- Seen as culmination of years of clandestine operations, including the 2020 assassination of nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh and the 2014 bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus.
Relevance : GS 2(International Relations)’
Strategic Shifts Enabling the Attack
- Long-standing Israeli objective: Neutralize Iran’s nuclear programme, deemed an “existential threat.”
- Earlier, U.S. administrations vetoed direct strikes due to fear of escalation.
- However, the regional and global strategic context has changed:
- Collapse of Iran’s regional deterrent post-October 7, 2023 (Hamas attack on Israel).
- Fall of Assad’s regime in Syria (Dec 2024): Broke Iran–Hezbollah–Syria connectivity, weakening Iran’s regional “axis of resistance.”
- Israel exploited this vacuum to increase pressure on Iran.
Israel’s Escalatory Trajectory
- Launched a “mini regional war” targeting:
- Hamas in Gaza.
- Hezbollah in Lebanon.
- Syrian regime positions.
- Follow-up attacks in October 2024 targeted Iran’s missile defense systems, exposing nuclear sites to future strikes.
Role of the U.S. & Trump’s Diplomacy
- Donald Trump, now President, initially signaled interest in diplomacy, stalling an Israeli strike in May 2025.
- Trump’s diplomacy was coercive: Pressuring Iran to completely dismantle its nuclear programme (beyond the 2015 deal).
- After failed talks, Trump appeared to greenlight Israeli strikes as pressure tactics.
- Trump’s Truth Social posts suggested:
- More attacks are “already planned”.
- Iran must accept the deal or face destruction.
- Talks could still resume in Muscat, implying diplomacy under duress.
Iran’s Strategic Dilemma
- Three stark choices before Tehran:
- Escalate militarily:
- Risks full-scale war and possible U.S. intervention.
- Accept U.S. deal under pressure:
- Politically humiliating; undermines sovereignty and strategic leverage.
- Continue limited engagement/deterrence:
- May not deter future Israeli strikes; could be perceived as weak.
- Escalate militarily:
Implications for the Region and the World
- Risk of wider war: Any misstep could drag the U.S., Gulf states, and global powers into direct confrontation.
- Global economic fallout:
- Especially through oil supply disruptions (via Strait of Hormuz).
- Possible surge in commodity prices and increased geopolitical uncertainty.
- Diplomatic vacuum: Absence of effective international mediation risks prolonged conflict and regional instability.
Conclusion
- The Israel-Iran clash has moved from proxy battles to direct confrontation.
- The collapse of Iran’s regional alliances, U.S. backing under Trump, and internal Iranian vulnerabilities have emboldened Israel.
- Iran’s response will define the course of West Asian geopolitics — whether through diplomacy, deterrence, or escalation.