Editorials/Opinions Analyses For UPSC 11 January 2022

Contents:

1. The sail that Indian diplomacy, statecraft need

The Sail That Indian Diplomacy, Statecraft Need

Context:

The Prime Minister of India will host the five Central Asia leaders at the Republic Day Parade on January 26. It will send a strong signal — of the new prominence of the Central Asian region in India’s security calculations.

Relevance:

GS Paper – 2: India and its Neighbourhood, Effect of Policies & Politics of Countries on India’s Interests

Dimensions of the Article:

1. India and Central Asia
2. Focus on Eurasia
3. Maritime security
4. China’s Tactics
5. Border connectivity issues
6. Role of U.S. in Eurasian Security:
7. Way Forward

India and Central Asia:

• The Central Asian region being an indispensable link, has progressed intermittently over the past two decades — promoting connectivity, incipient defence and security cooperation, enhancing India’s soft power and boosting trade and investment.
• These initiatives by India are laudable but it is insufficient to address the broader geopolitical challenges engulfing the region.
• What is the Concern?
  • The collapse of American military power in Afghanistan, the subsequent takeover of Kabul by the Taliban and the consequent rise in the influence of Pakistan and China are developments of high concern for India’s continental security interests.

Focus on Eurasia:

• China’s assertive rise, the precipitous withdrawal of forces of the United States/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) from Afghanistan, the rise of Islamic fundamentalist forces, the changing dynamics of the historic stabilising role of Russia (most recently in Kazakhstan) and related multilateral mechanisms — the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Collective Security Treaty Organisation, and the Eurasian Economic Union — have all set the stage for a sharpening of the geopolitical competition on the Eurasian landmass.
• This competition is marked by a weaponisation of resource and geographical access as a form of domination, practised by China and other big powers.
• To meet this challenge, evolving an effective continental strategy for India will be a complex and long-term exercise.

Maritime security:

• India’s maritime vision and ambitions have grown dramatically during the past decade, symbolised by its National Maritime Strategy, the Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiative for the Indian Ocean Region and major initiatives relating to the Indo-Pacific and the Quad, in which maritime security figures prominently.
• This was perhaps an overdue correction to the historic neglect of India’s maritime power. It was also a response to the dramatic rise of China as a military power. It may also be a by-product of the oversized influence over our think-tank community of Anglo-Saxon strategic thinking, which has tended to emphasise the maritime dimensions of China’s military rise more than others.
• However, maritime security and associated dimensions of naval power alone are not sufficient instruments of statecraft as India seeks diplomatic and security constructs to strengthen deterrence against Chinese unilateral actions and the emergence of a unipolar Asia.

China’s Tactics:

• The Chinese willingness and capacity for military intervention and power projection are growing far beyond its immediate region.
• Its rise is not merely in the maritime domain. It is expanding on the Eurasian continent namely its Belt and Road Initiative through which it is gaining access to energy and other natural resources, and its dependency-creating investments, cyber and digital penetration and expanding influence among political and economic elites across the continent.
• But the American military footprint has shrunk dramatically on the core Eurasian landmass, though it has a substantial military presence on the continental peripheries.
• Bulwarks against Chinese maritime expansionist gains are relatively easier to build and its gains easier to reverse than the long-term strategic gains that China hopes to secure on continental Eurasia
• Like Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) centrality is key to the Indo-Pacific, centrality of the Central Asian states should be key for Eurasia.

Border connectivity issues:

• There is increased militarisation of the borders with Pakistan and China, with the Ladakh sector now increasingly looking like it will see permanent deployment on the Siachen Glacier
• Connectivity means nothing when access is denied through persistent neighbouring state hostility contrary to the canons of international law. India has been subject for over five decades to a land embargo by Pakistan.
• Difficulties have arisen in operationalising an alternative route namely the International North-South Transport Corridor on account of the U.S.’s hostile attitude towards Iran.
• It may appear strange that while we join the U.S. and others in supporting the right of freedom of navigation in the maritime domain, we do not demand with the same force the right of India to conduct interstate trade, commerce, and transit along continental routes — be it through the lifting of Pakistan’s blockade on transit or the lifting of U.S. sanctions against transit through Iran into Eurasia.
• With the recent Afghan developments, India’s physical connectivity challenges with Eurasia have only become starker.
• The marginalisation of India on the Eurasian continent in terms of connectivity must be reversed.

Role of U.S. in Eurasian Security:

• The ongoing U.S.-Russia confrontation relating to Ukraine, Russian opposition to future NATO expansion and the broader questions of European security including on the issue of new deployment of intermediate-range missiles, following the demise of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty will have profound consequences for Eurasian security.
• US has significantly reduced the troops under its European command over the past decade despite the rise of China’s military power. Similarly the number of Troops under the Indo-Pacific Command (mostly committed to the territorial defence of Japan and South Korea) also saw a decline. The U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) has undergone a major transformation during the last decade (related to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan). It has less than 10,000 personnel now.
• The bottom line is clear – the U.S. would be severely stretched if it wanted to simultaneously increase its force levels in Europe and the Indo-Pacific.
• Successive waves of post-Cold War NATO expansion only increased overall insecurity
• European NATO powers dependent on the U.S. can do only so much for strengthening security in the Indo-Pacific. Their engagement with the Indo-Pacific is welcome but should not only be cognisant of the limitations of geography, obvious gaps between strategic ambition and capacity but also the inherently different standpoints of how major maritime powers view critical questions of continental security.
• India is unique as no other peer country has the same severity of challenges on both the continental and maritime dimensions.

Way Forward:

• Striking the right balance between continental and maritime security would be the best guarantor of our long-term security interests
• But this will not be easy as we would need to work with different partners on different agendas even while their geopolitical contradictions play out in the open.
• This will require a more assertive push for our continental rights — namely that of transit and access, working with our partners in Central Asia, with Iran and Russia, and a more proactive engagement with economic and security agendas ranging from the SCO, Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). Stabilising Afghanistan is a necessary but not a sufficient condition.
• India will need to define its own parameters of continental and maritime security consistent with its own interests.
• In doing so, at a time of major geopolitical change, maintaining our capacity for independent thought and action will help our diplomacy and statecraft navigate the difficult landscape and the choppy waters that lie ahead.