Editorials/Opinions Analysis For UPSC 21 March 2024

CONTENTS

1. The Enduring Resilience of the Puppetry World
2. Changing Contours of International Relations

The Enduring Resilience of the Puppetry World

Context:

Every 21st of March marks a global celebration of the captivating craft of puppetry, uniting nations in recognition of its magical essence. This annual event honors the deep-rooted historical and cultural significance of puppetry, tracing its evolution from ancient civilizations to its present-day role as a potent means of communication. Across Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, puppetry has ingrained itself into the very essence of human expression, enthralling audiences with its amalgamation of amusement, enlightenment, and societal commentary.

Relevance:

GS1- Indian Culture – Salient aspects of Art Forms

Mains Question:

The World Puppetry Day is celebrated every year on 21 March. In this context, discuss the prevalence of various forms of puppetry across the world. Also highlight the societal significance it holds apart from being a cherished artform. (15 Marks, 250 Words).

Puppetry Across the World:

• Every year, on the 21st of March, the global community converges in celebration of puppetry, an art form that transcends time and culture.
• From the enigmatic rituals of ancient Egypt to the grandiose theatrical displays of Greece and Rome, puppets have graced stages, breathing vitality into age-old myths, legends, and narratives.
• In the Eastern hemisphere, the delicate intricacies of Chinese puppetry, the vivid storytelling of the ‘Indian Puppet Theater,’ and the captivating performances of Indonesian ‘Wayang’ have captivated spectators with their diverse styles and techniques, showcasing the limitless ingenuity of human creativity.

Puppetry in India:

• India also commemorates a profound tradition of puppetry that spans thousands of years. Dubbed “Kathputli” in Hindi, a fusion of ‘kath’ meaning wood and ‘putli’ meaning dolls, puppetry serves as a medium for storytelling, education, and amusement, mirroring the vibrant cultural tapestry of India.
• Puppetry finds ancient roots in the archaeological discoveries of socketed puppets at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, indicating its widespread popularity in those times.
• References to marionette theater date back to around 500 BC. Literary works like the Tamil classic Silappadikaram, composed in the first and second centuries BC, as well as the Mahabharata, also mention puppetry.
• In Indian culture, puppetry holds not only artistic significance but also philosophical depth. The Bhagavad Geeta portrays God as a puppeteer orchestrating the cosmos with three strings: Satta, Raja, and Tama.
• In Indian theater, the storyteller is referred to as the Sutradhar, or “string bearer.” Across India, various puppetry traditions have flourished, drawing inspiration from mythology, folklore, and local narratives.
• These traditions integrate painting, sculpture, music, dance, and drama, resulting in a distinct form of artistic expression.
• However, contemporary challenges such as dwindling audiences and financial instability have led to the gradual decline of puppetry.
• Indian puppetry can be categorized into four main groups: string puppets, shadow puppets, glove puppets, and rod puppets.
  • String Puppets: Also known as marionettes, these puppets are typically small carved wooden models ranging from eight to nine inches. They are intricately painted with oil colors to depict facial features such as eyes, lips, and nose.
  • Shadow Puppets: India boasts a rich heritage of shadow puppetry, where leather puppets are intricately carved and painted on both sides, creating flat figures that cast shadows on a screen.
  • Glove Puppets: Also referred to as sleeve, hand, or palm puppets, these are small figures with heads and arms, often dressed in flowing skirts. They are usually made of fabric or wood.
  • Rod Puppets: Larger versions of glove puppets, rod puppets are manipulated by the puppeteer behind a screen using rods. This style is particularly popular in Eastern India.

Significance of Puppetry:

• Despite its challenges, the tradition of puppetry in India continues to be a cherished part of cultural heritage, bridging the past with the present through its unique and captivating artistry.
• From the lively performances of Rajasthan to the intricate shadow puppetry of South India, the array of puppetry styles reflects the country’s rich diversity.
• Across history, puppets have functioned as platforms for social and political dialogue, challenging conventions and prompting introspection.
• In addition to recounting religious epics and moral tales, puppetry advocates for causes such as gender equality and environmental preservation, communicating subtle yet potent messages. At the core of this tradition lies a timeless essence, resonating with the pulse of the nation.
• Throughout various eras and continents, puppetry has not only served as a form of entertainment but also as a profound expression of cultural heritage, tradition, and storytelling prowess, leaving an enduring imprint on the shared legacy of humanity.
• Undoubtedly, puppetry serves as a potent medium for cultural expression and communal unity across the globe. Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia and Thailand cherish traditions such as “Wayang Kulit” and “Nang Talung,” blending entertainment with spiritual significance during rituals and festivities.
• In Africa, Mali’s “Sogo bo” showcases intricate wooden puppets, conveying ancestral wisdom and moral guidance. Additionally, puppetry in South Africa catalyzes societal transformation and cultural preservation.
• Likewise, in Latin American nations like Mexico and Peru, puppetry merges wrestling with theater to offer social commentary and revive ancient forms like “Sarhua,” reinforcing community pride and identity.
• These diverse puppetry traditions transcend geographical boundaries, offering timeless narratives and ethical teachings that resonate through generations, fostering cohesion and honoring cultural heritage on a global scale.
• Furthermore, puppetry workshops and educational programs serve as vital tools in empowering marginalized communities, offering them a platform to express their concerns and safeguard their cultural heritage. Initiatives such as the ‘Bread and Puppet Theatre’ in the United States and the ‘Hina Community Theatre’ in Nepal exemplify this approach, conducting workshops and training sessions that enable individuals to create and perform puppetry productions addressing social issues, advocating for cultural diversity, and encouraging community involvement.

Acclaimed Puppeteers and their Contribution:

Puran Bhatt:

• Amidst the kaleidoscopic realm of Indian puppetry, numerous acclaimed puppeteers have made a lasting impact with their captivating presentations and innovative narrative techniques.
• One such luminary is Puran Bhatt, a recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademy Award, renowned for his mastery in puppetry from Rajasthan.
• Hailing from the Bhatt community, Puran Bhatt’s “Kathputli” performances showcase Rajasthani folklore and mythology through vibrant characters, intricate attire, and dynamic melodies.
• His unwavering commitment to preserving and propagating the art of “Kathputli” has garnered recognition both domestically and internationally, underscoring the enduring relevance of traditional puppetry in contemporary society.

K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar:

• In the southern regions of India, the ancient art of shadow puppetry, known as “Tolpava Koothu,” has flourished under the expert guidance of puppeteers such as K. K. Ramachandra Pulavar.
• As a fifth-generation practitioner, Pulavar inherits a rich lineage of storytelling, passed down through generations of his family.
• Through his mesmerizing shadow performances, Pulavar breathes life into age-old epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, employing meticulously crafted leather puppets and striking light effects.
• Beyond mere entertainment, his shows serve as platforms for education, instilling moral values and cultural teachings in audiences of all ages.

Dadi Pudumjee:

• In the contemporary landscape of Indian puppetry, Dadi Pudumjee emerges as a trailblazing figure, pushing the boundaries of the art form through his innovative techniques and collaborative spirit.
• As the founder of the ‘Ishara Puppet Theatre Trust,’ Pudumjee has led numerous endeavors to revitalize and modernize puppetry in India.
• His groundbreaking productions blend traditional methods with modern storytelling techniques, addressing pertinent social issues and contemporary themes.
• Through workshops, festivals, and international partnerships, Pudumjee has played a pivotal role in elevating the stature of Indian puppetry on the global stage, demonstrating its continued relevance and adaptability in the modern era.

Reflecting on the enchantment of puppetry, Jim Henson, the renowned American puppeteer, animator, cartoonist, actor, inventor, and filmmaker famous for creating the Muppets, describes it as a magical art form transcending linguistic and cultural barriers, captivating audiences through its limitless creativity and imagination.

Julie Taymor, the esteemed American director and writer known for her work in theater, opera, and her acclaimed stage adaptation of The Lion King, asserts that puppetry allows for an exploration of profound human emotions and experiences, shedding light on the beauty and complexity of the human condition.

Challenges Encountered:

• It’s evident that puppeteers, particularly in India, encounter significant challenges. An article of the International Journal of English and Studies (IJOES) delves into the dwindling tradition of puppetry in India.
• Gour identifies factors such as a lack of patronage, the pressures of modernization, and the distractions posed by technology as contributing to its decline.
• Additionally, issues like poverty among puppeteers, insufficient support systems, and a lack of awareness further jeopardize its survival.

Conclusion:

Without adaptation, traditional puppetry risks fading into obscurity amidst changing audience preferences and technological advancements. Puppets, being characters rather than real individuals, create a world in which audiences can see themselves reflected and empathize with the unfolding drama. It falls upon both performers and spectators to uphold this tradition and ensure that this art form doesn’t wither away as another relic of the past. The timeless narratives woven by these captivating puppets dangling from their strings must endure.

Changing Contours of International Relations

Context:

In today’s global landscape, we are confronted with a multitude of challenges, spanning from geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict to the pervasive threat of transnational terrorism, and the assertive global ambitions of China. Amidst these pressing issues, environmental concerns have risen to the forefront of international politics.

Relevance:

GS2- International Relations

• Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and Agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
• Important International Institutions, agencies and fora – their Structure, Mandate.

Mains Question:

In a world fraught with geopolitical tensions and environmental concerns, the imperative for collaborative diplomacy has never been more pressing. Analyse. (10 Marks, 150 Words).

More on the Present Global Landscape:

In terms of the Environment:

• A recent ruling by the Administrative Court in France, imposing a significant fine of nearly 19.78 million Euros for failing to address pollution, underscores the growing emphasis on climate change policies.
• Conversely, nations like Germany and the UK have intensified their efforts to combat environmental degradation, acknowledging its profound impacts on public health and the global economy.
• Organizations such as the European Environmental Agency and the World Health Organization persistently advocate for urgent action on climate change in the post-Kyoto Protocol era.
• Despite ongoing challenges such as population growth, reliance on fossil fuels, and the phased decommissioning of nuclear power plants across Europe, there have been promising efforts to mitigate environmental hazards.
• A growing consensus on mitigating climate change and promoting renewable energy sources reflects a collective dedication to sustainable development. Landmark agreements like the 2019 Japan-EU deal represent significant progress toward this common goal.
• Stringent production regulations and robust waste management systems have shown potential in alleviating environmental risks.
• In Asia, countries grapple with issues like soil contamination and industrial pollution, necessitating collaborative efforts to address water and air quality concerns.

In terms of Economic Cooperation:

• Despite these challenges, recent economic negotiations have spurred collaboration among nations, facilitating trade, economic alliances, and mechanisms to safeguard investments.
• Efforts to strengthen cooperation across regions such as Asia, the Pacific, and Africa demonstrate a commitment to addressing shared challenges collectively.
• Leaders such as Prime Minister Narendra Modi and EU officials Ursula Von Der Leyen and Charles Michel deserve commendation for their visionary leadership in nurturing diplomatic relations and enhancing global security.
• Relations between India and the EU have flourished, with notable increases in trade volumes, particularly with countries like Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.

Other Areas:

• A key item on the agenda revolves around relaxing intellectual property rights concerning vaccines to expedite global vaccination efforts.
• The EU’s Civil Protection System’s assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic has further solidified ties and opened avenues for enhanced cooperation.
• Diplomatic overtures from leaders in Belgium, Spain, and France underscore the depth of relations between India and the EU.

Way Forward:

• While trade and investment have played crucial roles in bridging differences, certain challenges persist, such as issues regarding market access and foreign direct investment.
• Collaborative efforts in areas like nuclear energy and sustainable development indicate a shared commitment to addressing environmental concerns.
• Continued negotiations could lead to the establishment of mechanisms to address terrorism, cyber threats, and enhance maritime security.
• In times of crisis, a collaborative approach rooted in fairness and unity becomes essential, highlighting the importance of international cooperation.
• Investing in education, healthcare, and technology is imperative for global development and resilience.
• Nations must adeptly navigate changing geopolitical landscapes, prioritizing mutual prosperity and stability through robust multilateralism.
• A strategic vision centered on cooperation and resilience is essential for navigating the complexities of an increasingly interconnected world. Embracing innovation and integration empowers nations to collectively tackle challenges.
• Recognizing the interconnected nature of nations and their collective responsibility to address urgent issues is essential.
• The urgency of climate change necessitates bold, coordinated action on a global scale, transcending political boundaries, socioeconomic gaps, and cultural distinctions. It calls for a unified approach to mitigate its harmful impacts.
• Additionally, addressing environmental concerns goes beyond governmental policies; it requires active involvement from civil society, businesses, academia, and grassroots movements.
• Initiatives like youth-led climate protests, corporate sustainability commitments, and community-based conservation projects showcase the diverse efforts needed to address environmental challenges comprehensively.

Conclusion:

Promoting inclusive and fair growth is crucial in tackling the underlying causes of global instability and conflicts. Moreover, the role of technology and innovation cannot be understated in shaping the future of global affairs. Embracing a culture of innovation, entrepreneurship, and knowledge-sharing is vital in leveraging the transformative potential of technology for the greater good. The time for action is now, and the consequences are significant.