Answer: (a) 1 only

Statement 1: CORRECT — Art. 37 exactly says DPSPs are “fundamental in the governance of the country” and it shall be the duty of the State to apply them in making laws.

Statement 2: WRONG — Art. 37 itself says DPSPs “shall not be enforceable by any court.” Non-justiciability is the defining feature of DPSPs.

Statement 3: WRONG — Art. 36 does NOT separately define ‘State.’ It explicitly says ‘State’ has the same meaning as in Art. 12 (Part III). UPSC loves this trap.

Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

All four are Gandhian DPSPs:
— Art. 40 (Village Panchayats) = Gandhian principle of gram swaraj
— Art. 43 (cottage industries part) = Gandhian; but Art. 43 also has Socialistic elements (living wage). It is a DUAL category article
— Art. 46 (SC/ST welfare) = Gandhian — upliftment of weakest sections was core to Gandhi’s philosophy
— Art. 48 (agriculture, animal husbandry, cow protection) = Gandhian

Key trap: students often classify Art. 46 as Socialistic and Art. 43 as only Socialistic. Both are wrong.

Answer: (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

— 42nd CAA 1976: Added Art. 39A (free legal aid), Art. 43A (worker management participation), Art. 48A (environment protection)
— 44th CAA 1978: Added Art. 38(2) — clause on minimizing inequalities in income, status, facilities
— 86th CAA 2002: Amended Art. 45 (changed from 6-14 education to below-6 early childhood care) — this is a modification of existing DPSP
— 97th CAA 2011: Added Art. 43B (promotion of co-operative societies)

All four amendments touched Part IV. This is a commonly set “all of the above” trap that students avoid wrongly.

Answer: (b)

After Minerva Mills (1980) struck down the expanded version of Art. 31C added by the 42nd CAA:

Current Art. 31C protects only laws implementing Art. 39(b) and 39(c) from challenge on Art. 14 and Art. 19 grounds.

Option (a) is wrong — “any Directive Principle” was the expanded 42nd CAA version, which was struck down.
Option (c) and (d) are wrong — protection is only against Art. 14 and 19, not against Art. 20 and 21. Laws can still be challenged for violating Art. 20 or 21.

Answer: (c) 2 and 3 only

Statement 1: WRONG — Art. 44 says UCC for citizens, not “all persons.” The word “citizens” is crucial — foreigners are excluded. This is a classic word-swap trap.

Statement 2: CORRECT — SC in Shah Bano (1985) and Sarla Mudgal (1995) strongly urged Parliament to enact UCC.

Statement 3: CORRECT — Goa’s Portuguese Civil Code 1867 operates as a common civil code for all communities in Goa, often cited as India’s only functioning UCC.

Answer: (c)

“To vote in all elections” is NOT a Fundamental Duty under Art. 51A. Voting is a constitutional right under Art. 326 — it is the right to vote (universal adult suffrage), not a duty.

Options (a), (b), and (d) are all genuine FDs:
— (a) = Art. 51A(h) — scientific temper
— (b) = Art. 51A(i) — safeguard public property, abjure violence
— (d) = Art. 51A(f) — composite culture heritage

UPSC has repeatedly inserted “to vote” as a false FD option in multiple years.

Answer: (a)/(b) — 1 and 3 only

Statement 1: CORRECT — Swaran Singh Committee recommended FDs; 42nd CAA 1976 enacted them.

Statement 2: WRONG — Verma Committee (1999) was set up to assess operationalisation of existing FDs and their linkage to existing legislation — NOT to recommend new FDs.

Statement 3: CORRECT — Art. 51A(k), added by 86th CAA 2002, duty of parents/guardians for child education aged 6–14.

Statement 4: WRONG — FDs apply to citizens only, not foreigners.

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

— Art. 39A = Equal justice and free legal aid ✓ (CORRECT)
— Art. 43B = Promotion of co-operative societies ✗ (NOT Village Panchayats — that is Art. 40)
— Art. 48A = Protection and improvement of environment ✓ (CORRECT)
— Art. 50 = Separation of judiciary from executive ✗ (NOT UCC — UCC is Art. 44)

Swapping Art. 40 with Art. 43B and Art. 44 with Art. 50 are classic UPSC mismatching traps.

Answer: (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only

Art. 51A(g) specifically says: “to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.”

“Coastal wetlands” is NOT mentioned in Art. 51A(g). UPSC tests exact language of constitutional provisions — always memorise the specific elements: Forests, Lakes, Rivers, Wildlife. No mountains, no seas, no wetlands.

Answer: (c)

Minerva Mills (1980) restored balance:
— Struck down the expanded Art. 31C (42nd CAA) that gave all DPSPs supremacy over Art. 14 and 19
— Held that FRs and DPSPs are equally important — harmonious construction needed
— Current Art. 31C: only Art. 39(b) and 39(c) laws get protection from Art. 14/19 challenge
— Art. 20 and Art. 21 cannot be overridden by any DPSP

Option (a) = 42nd CAA version (struck down). Option (b) = pre-1951 position. Option (d) = incorrect — constitution provides clear framework.

Answer: (a)/(b) — 1, 2 and 4 only

42nd CAA 1976 added: Art. 39A, Art. 43A, Art. 48A ✓

Art. 43B (co-operative societies) was added by 97th CAA 2011 — NOT the 42nd CAA.

This is one of the most inserted false statements in DPSP amendment questions. Students confuse Art. 43B with Art. 43A. Remember: Art. 43A = 42nd CAA; Art. 43B = 97th CAA.

Answer: (c)

Art. 39(d) is a DPSP — non-justiciable on its own. However:

In Randhir Singh v. Union of India (1982), the Supreme Court read Art. 39(d) along with Arts. 14 and 16 to hold that the principle of equal pay for equal work is a constitutional goal that can be enforced through Arts. 14 and 16.

This shows how DPSPs can indirectly become enforceable through FRs — a classic UPSC analytical question pattern.

Option (a) is wrong — it’s not directly enforceable under Art. 32. Option (d) is wrong — Art. 39(d) applies to both men and women workers (equal pay for equal work).

Answer: (b)

After 86th CAA 2002:
— Art. 45 (DPSP) = early childhood care and education for children below 6 years
— Art. 21A (FR) = free and compulsory education for children 6–14 years

Option (a) = the original Art. 45 (pre-2002) — no longer operative.
Option (d) = the 6–14 education is now Art. 21A (FR), not Art. 45 (DPSP). This swap is the exact trap UPSC sets.

Answer: (c)

Art. 50 directs separation of judiciary from executive “in the public services of the State” — this refers to the subordinate judiciary (district courts, magistrate courts).

The Supreme Court and High Courts already have constitutional independence guaranteed under Arts. 124–147 and 214–231. Art. 50 is not needed for them.

This DPSP led to reforms like creation of separate judicial magistrates (as opposed to executive magistrates who were combined judicial-executive officials under colonial system).

Answer: (c) Only three

— Pair 1: CORRECT — 42nd CAA added Art. 39A ✓
— Pair 2: CORRECT — 44th CAA added Art. 38(2) ✓
— Pair 3: CORRECT — 97th CAA added Art. 43B ✓
— Pair 4: WRONG — Art. 43A (workers’ participation) was added by 42nd CAA 1976, NOT 86th CAA 2002. 86th CAA modified Art. 45 and added Art. 21A. ✗

Three pairs are correct; only Pair 4 is wrong.

Answer: (c) 2 and 3 only

Statement 1: WRONG — Non-justiciability does NOT mean Parliament cannot legislate. Parliament CAN impose penalties for FD violations through ordinary legislation. Verma Committee noted several such laws already exist.

Statement 2: CORRECT — Courts presume that a law giving effect to a FD is a reasonable restriction on FRs (Art. 14, 19) — helps uphold such laws against constitutional challenge.

Statement 3: CORRECT — Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971 penalises insults to National Flag and National Anthem — directly relates to Art. 51A(a) (duty to respect National Flag and National Anthem).

Statement 1 is the trap — students assume non-justiciable = completely unenforceable. It only means courts cannot directly enforce it as a right; Parliament can still legislate.

Answer: (b)

Correct chronological sequence:
1. Golak Nath (1967) — Parliament cannot amend FRs; DPSPs completely subordinate
2. 24th CAA (1971) — Parliament CAN amend FRs; overruled Golak Nath
3. Kesavananda Bharati (1973) — Parliament can amend but not destroy basic structure; harmonious construction of FRs and DPSPs
4. 42nd CAA (1976) — Expanded Art. 31C to give all DPSPs supremacy over Art. 14 and 19
5. Minerva Mills (1980) — Struck down expanded Art. 31C; restored balance

Getting the sequence wrong is very common in exam conditions — this is a pure recall MCQ.

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

— Statement 1: CORRECT — Art. 51A(e) is exactly about harmony, brotherhood, dignity of women ✓
— Statement 2: WRONG — Art. 51A(h) is about scientific temper, humanism, and spirit of inquiry and reform. Composite culture heritage = Art. 51A(f) ✗ — classic clause-swap trap
— Statement 3: CORRECT — Art. 51A(j) is about striving towards excellence ✓
— Statement 4: WRONG — Art. 51A(k) imposes duty on parents or guardians, NOT on all citizens. “A citizen’s duty” is wrong framing. ✗

Answer: (c) 3 only

Art. 51 includes: promote international peace; maintain just and honourable relations (1 = INCLUDED); foster respect for international law and treaty obligations (2 = INCLUDED); encourage settlement by arbitration (4 = INCLUDED).

What Art. 51 does NOT say: “compulsory settlement through ICJ” (3 = NOT INCLUDED). Art. 51 mentions arbitration as the preferred dispute resolution — not compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. India has in fact opted out of compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Statement 1: CORRECT — DPSPs inspired by Irish Constitution (Éire) ✓
Statement 2: CORRECT — FDs inspired by USSR Constitution ✓

Statement 3: WRONG — Swaran Singh Committee recommended 8 FDs; Parliament enacted 10 FDs (the committee’s recommendation was not followed exactly in number or content). ✗

Statement 4: WRONG — The 3-fold classification is NOT in the Constitution. It is a scholarly/academic classification. The Constitution contains no such categorisation in Part IV. ✗

This is a high-density recall MCQ that tests four separate facts simultaneously — a favourite UPSC format.